LINUX ALLOCATED DEVICES Maintained by H. Peter Anvin Last revised: August 10, 1998 This list is the Linux Device List, the official registry of allocated device numbers and /dev directory nodes for the Linux operating system. The latest version of this list is included with the Linux kernel sources in LaTeX and ASCII form. It is also available separately from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/device-list/. In case of discrepancy between the text and LaTeX versions, the LaTeX version is authoritative. This document is included by reference into the Linux Filesystem Standard (FSSTND). The FSSTND is available from ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/docs/linux-standards/fsstnd/. Allocations marked (68k/Amiga) apply to Linux/68k on the Amiga platform only. Allocations marked (68k/Atari) apply to Linux/68k on the Atari platform only. This document is in the public domain. The author requests, however, that semantically altered versions are not distributed without permission of the author, assuming the author can be contacted without an unreasonable effort. In particular, please don't sent patches for this list to Linus, at least not without contacting me first. I do not have any information about these devices beyond what appears on this list. Any such information requests will be deleted without reply. **** PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE SUBMITTING A DEVICE ENTRY **** To have a major number allocated, or a minor number in situations where that applies (e.g. busmice), please contact me with the appropriate device information. Also, if you have additional information regarding any of the devices listed below, or if I have made a mistake, I would greatly appreciate a note. I do, however, make two requests about the nature of your report. This is necessary for me to be able to keep this list up to date and correct in a timely manner. First of all, *please* include the word "device" in the subject so your mail won't accidentally get buried! I receive hundreds of email messages a day, so mail sent with other subjects may very well get lost in the avalanche. Second, please include a description of the device *in the same format as this list*. The reason for this is that it is the only way I have found to ensure I have all the requisite information to publish your device and avoid conflicts. Your cooperation is appreciated. 0 Unnamed devices (e.g. non-device mounts) 0 = reserved as null device number 1 char Memory devices 1 = /dev/mem Physical memory access 2 = /dev/kmem Kernel virtual memory access 3 = /dev/null Null device 4 = /dev/port I/O port access 5 = /dev/zero Null byte source 6 = /dev/core OBSOLETE - replaced by /proc/kcore 7 = /dev/full Returns ENOSPC on write 8 = /dev/random Nondeterministic random number gen. 9 = /dev/urandom Faster, less secure random number gen. block RAM disk 0 = /dev/ram0 First RAM disk ... 7 = /dev/ram7 Eighth RAM disk 250 = /dev/initrd Initial RAM disk Older kernels had /dev/ramdisk (1, 1) here. /dev/initrd refers to a RAM disk which was preloaded by the boot loader. 2 char Pseudo-TTY masters 0 = /dev/ptyp0 First PTY master 1 = /dev/ptyp1 Second PTY master ... 255 = /dev/ptyef 256th PTY master Pseudo-tty's are named as follows: * Masters are "pty", slaves are "tty"; * the fourth letter is one of pqrstuvwxyzabcde indicating the 1st through 16th series of 16 pseudo-ttys each, and * the fifth letter is one of 0123456789abcdef indicating the position within the series. These are the old-style (BSD) PTY devices; Unix98 devices are on major 128 and above and use the PTY master multiplex (/dev/ptmx) to acquire a PTY on demand. block Floppy disks 0 = /dev/fd0 Controller 1, drive 1 autodetect 1 = /dev/fd1 Controller 1, drive 2 autodetect 2 = /dev/fd2 Controller 1, drive 3 autodetect 3 = /dev/fd3 Controller 1, drive 4 autodetect 128 = /dev/fd4 Controller 2, drive 1 autodetect 129 = /dev/fd5 Controller 2, drive 2 autodetect 130 = /dev/fd6 Controller 2, drive 3 autodetect 131 = /dev/fd7 Controller 2, drive 4 autodetect To specify format, add to the autodetect device number: 0 = /dev/fd? Autodetect format 4 = /dev/fd?d360 5.25" 360K in a 360K drive(1) 20 = /dev/fd?h360 5.25" 360K in a 1200K drive(1) 48 = /dev/fd?h410 5.25" 410K in a 1200K drive 64 = /dev/fd?h420 5.25" 420K in a 1200K drive 24 = /dev/fd?h720 5.25" 720K in a 1200K drive 80 = /dev/fd?h880 5.25" 880K in a 1200K drive(1) 8 = /dev/fd?h1200 5.25" 1200K in a 1200K drive(1) 40 = /dev/fd?h1440 5.25" 1440K in a 1200K drive(1) 56 = /dev/fd?h1476 5.25" 1476K in a 1200K drive 72 = /dev/fd?h1494 5.25" 1494K in a 1200K drive 92 = /dev/fd?h1600 5.25" 1600K in a 1200K drive(1) 12 = /dev/fd?u360 3.5" 360K Double Density(2) 16 = /dev/fd?u720 3.5" 720K Double Density(1) 120 = /dev/fd?u800 3.5" 800K Double Density(2) 52 = /dev/fd?u820 3.5" 820K Double Density 68 = /dev/fd?u830 3.5" 830K Double Density 84 = /dev/fd?u1040 3.5" 1040K Double Density(1) 88 = /dev/fd?u1120 3.5" 1120K Double Density(1) 28 = /dev/fd?u1440 3.5" 1440K High Density(1) 124 = /dev/fd?u1600 3.5" 1600K High Density(1) 44 = /dev/fd?u1680 3.5" 1680K High Density(3) 60 = /dev/fd?u1722 3.5" 1722K High Density 76 = /dev/fd?u1743 3.5" 1743K High Density 96 = /dev/fd?u1760 3.5" 1760K High Density 116 = /dev/fd?u1840 3.5" 1840K High Density(3) 100 = /dev/fd?u1920 3.5" 1920K High Density(1) 32 = /dev/fd?u2880 3.5" 2880K Extra Density(1) 104 = /dev/fd?u3200 3.5" 3200K Extra Density 108 = /dev/fd?u3520 3.5" 3520K Extra Density 112 = /dev/fd?u3840 3.5" 3840K Extra Density(1) 36 = /dev/fd?CompaQ Compaq 2880K drive; obsolete? (1) Autodetectable format (2) Autodetectable format in a Double Density (720K) drive only (3) Autodetectable format in a High Density (1440K) drive only NOTE: The letter in the device name (d, q, h or u) signifies the type of drive: 5.25" Double Density (d), 5.25" Quad Density (q), 5.25" High Density (h) or 3.5" (any model, u). The use of the capital letters D, H and E for the 3.5" models have been deprecated, since the drive type is insignificant for these devices. 3 char Pseudo-TTY slaves 0 = /dev/ttyp0 First PTY slave 1 = /dev/ttyp1 Second PTY slave ... 255 = /dev/ttyef 256th PTY slave These are the old-style (BSD) PTY devices; Unix98 devices are on major 136 and above. block First MFM, RLL and IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface 0 = /dev/hda Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM) 64 = /dev/hdb Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM) For partitions, add to the whole disk device number: 0 = /dev/hd? Whole disk 1 = /dev/hd?1 First partition 2 = /dev/hd?2 Second partition ... 63 = /dev/hd?63 63rd partition For Linux/i386, partitions 1-4 are the primary partitions, and 5 and above are logical partitions. Other versions of Linux use partitioning schemes appropriate to their respective architectures. 4 char TTY devices 0 = /dev/tty0 Current virtual console 1 = /dev/tty1 First virtual console ... 63 = /dev/tty63 63rd virtual console 64 = /dev/ttyS0 First serial port ... 127 = /dev/ttyS63 64th serial port 128 = /dev/ptyp0 OBSOLETE ... 191 = /dev/ptysf OBSOLETE 192 = /dev/ttyp0 OBSOLETE ... 255 = /dev/ttysf OBSOLETE Older versions of the Linux kernel used this major number for BSD PTY devices. As of Linux 2.1.115, this is no longer supported. Use major numbers 2 and 3. 5 char Alternate TTY devices 0 = /dev/tty Current TTY device 1 = /dev/console System console 2 = /dev/ptmx PTY master multiplex 64 = /dev/cua0 Callout device corresponding to ttyS0 ... 127 = /dev/cua63 Callout device corresponding to ttyS63 (5,1) is /dev/console starting with Linux 2.1.71. See the section on terminal devices for more information on /dev/console. 6 char Parallel printer devices 0 = /dev/lp0 First parallel printer (0x3bc) 1 = /dev/lp1 Second parallel printer (0x378) 2 = /dev/lp2 Third parallel printer (0x278) Not all computers have the 0x3bc parallel port; hence the "first" printer may be either /dev/lp0 or /dev/lp1. 7 char Virtual console capture devices 0 = /dev/vcs Current vc text contents 1 = /dev/vcs1 tty1 text contents ... 63 = /dev/vcs63 tty63 text contents 128 = /dev/vcsa Current vc text/attribute contents 129 = /dev/vcsa1 tty1 text/attribute contents ... 191 = /dev/vcsa63 tty63 text/attribute contents NOTE: These devices permit both read and write access. block Loopback devices 0 = /dev/loop0 First loopback device 1 = /dev/loop1 Second loopback device ... The loopback devices are used to mount filesystems not associated with block devices. The binding to the loopback devices is handled by mount(8) or losetup(8). 8 block SCSI disk devices (0-15) 0 = /dev/sda First SCSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/sdb Second SCSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/sdc Third SCSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/sdp Sixteenth SCSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15. 9 char SCSI tape devices 0 = /dev/st0 First SCSI tape, mode 0 1 = /dev/st1 Second SCSI tape, mode 0 ... 32 = /dev/st0l First SCSI tape, mode 1 33 = /dev/st1l Second SCSI tape, mode 1 ... 64 = /dev/st0m First SCSI tape, mode 2 65 = /dev/st1m Second SCSI tape, mode 2 ... 96 = /dev/st0a First SCSI tape, mode 3 97 = /dev/st1a Second SCSI tape, mode 3 ... 128 = /dev/nst0 First SCSI tape, mode 0, no rewind 129 = /dev/nst1 Second SCSI tape, mode 0, no rewind ... 160 = /dev/nst0l First SCSI tape, mode 1, no rewind 161 = /dev/nst1l Second SCSI tape, mode 1, no rewind ... 192 = /dev/nst0m First SCSI tape, mode 2, no rewind 193 = /dev/nst1m Second SCSI tape, mode 2, no rewind ... 224 = /dev/nst0a First SCSI tape, mode 3, no rewind 225 = /dev/nst1a Second SCSI tape, mode 3, no rewind ... "No rewind" refers to the omission of the default automatic rewind on device close. The MTREW or MTOFFL ioctl()'s can be used to rewind the tape regardless of the device used to access it. block Metadisk (RAID) devices 0 = /dev/md0 First metadisk group 1 = /dev/md1 Second metadisk group ... The metadisk driver is used to span a filesystem across multiple physical disks. 10 char Non-serial mice, misc features 0 = /dev/logibm Logitech bus mouse 1 = /dev/psaux PS/2-style mouse port 2 = /dev/inportbm Microsoft Inport bus mouse 3 = /dev/atibm ATI XL bus mouse 4 = /dev/jbm J-mouse 4 = /dev/amigamouse Amiga mouse (68k/Amiga) 5 = /dev/atarimouse Atari mouse 6 = /dev/sunmouse Sun mouse 7 = /dev/amigamouse1 Second Amiga mouse 8 = /dev/smouse Simple serial mouse driver 9 = /dev/pc110pad IBM PC-110 digitizer pad 128 = /dev/beep Fancy beep device 129 = /dev/modreq Kernel module load request 130 = /dev/watchdog Watchdog timer port 131 = /dev/temperature Machine internal temperature 132 = /dev/hwtrap Hardware fault trap 133 = /dev/exttrp External device trap 134 = /dev/apm_bios Advanced Power Management BIOS 135 = /dev/rtc Real Time Clock 139 = /dev/openprom SPARC OpenBoot PROM 140 = /dev/relay8 Berkshire Products Octal relay card 141 = /dev/relay16 Berkshire Products ISO-16 relay card 142 = /dev/msr x86 model-specific registers 143 = /dev/pciconf PCI configuration space 144 = /dev/nvram Non-volatile configuration RAM 145 = /dev/hfmodem Soundcard shortwave modem control 146 = /dev/graphics Linux/SGI graphics device 147 = /dev/opengl Linux/SGI OpenGL pipe 148 = /dev/gfx Linux/SGI graphics effects device 149 = /dev/input/mouse Linux/SGI Irix emulation mouse 150 = /dev/input/keyboard Linux/SGI Irix emulation keyboard 151 = /dev/led Front panel LEDs 153 = /dev/mergemem Memory merge device 154 = /dev/pmu Macintosh PowerBook power manager 11 char Raw keyboard device 0 = /dev/kbd Raw keyboard device The raw keyboard device is used on Linux/SPARC only. block SCSI CD-ROM devices 0 = /dev/sr0 First SCSI CD-ROM 1 = /dev/sr1 Second SCSI CD-ROM ... The prefix /dev/scd instead of /dev/sr has been used as well, and might make more sense. 12 char QIC-02 tape 2 = /dev/ntpqic11 QIC-11, no rewind-on-close 3 = /dev/tpqic11 QIC-11, rewind-on-close 4 = /dev/ntpqic24 QIC-24, no rewind-on-close 5 = /dev/tpqic24 QIC-24, rewind-on-close 6 = /dev/ntpqic120 QIC-120, no rewind-on-close 7 = /dev/tpqic120 QIC-120, rewind-on-close 8 = /dev/ntpqic150 QIC-150, no rewind-on-close 9 = /dev/tpqic150 QIC-150, rewind-on-close The device names specified are proposed -- if there are "standard" names for these devices, please let me know. block MSCDEX CD-ROM callback support 0 = /dev/dos_cd0 First MSCDEX CD-ROM 1 = /dev/dos_cd1 Second MSCDEX CD-ROM ... 13 char PC speaker 0 = /dev/pcmixer Emulates /dev/mixer 1 = /dev/pcsp Emulates /dev/dsp (8-bit) 4 = /dev/pcaudio Emulates /dev/audio 5 = /dev/pcsp16 Emulates /dev/dsp (16-bit) block 8-bit MFM/RLL/IDE controller 0 = /dev/xda First XT disk whole disk 64 = /dev/xdb Second XT disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks (see major number 3). 14 char Sound card 0 = /dev/mixer Mixer control 1 = /dev/sequencer Audio sequencer 2 = /dev/midi00 First MIDI port 3 = /dev/dsp Digital audio 4 = /dev/audio Sun-compatible digital audio 6 = /dev/sndstat Sound card status information 8 = /dev/sequencer2 Sequencer -- alternate device 16 = /dev/mixer1 Second soundcard mixer control 17 = /dev/patmgr0 Sequencer patch manager 18 = /dev/midi01 Second MIDI port 19 = /dev/dsp1 Second soundcard digital audio 20 = /dev/audio1 Second soundcard Sun digital audio 33 = /dev/patmgr1 Sequencer patch manager 34 = /dev/midi02 Third MIDI port 50 = /dev/midi03 Fourth MIDI port block BIOS harddrive callback support 0 = /dev/dos_hda First BIOS harddrive whole disk 64 = /dev/dos_hdb Second BIOS harddrive whole disk 128 = /dev/dos_hdc Third BIOS harddrive whole disk 192 = /dev/dos_hdd Fourth BIOS harddrive whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks (see major number 3). 15 char Joystick 0 = /dev/js0 First analog joystick 1 = /dev/js1 Second analog joystick ... 128 = /dev/djs0 First digital joystick 129 = /dev/djs1 Second digital joystick ... block Sony CDU-31A/CDU-33A CD-ROM 0 = /dev/sonycd Sony CDU-31a CD-ROM 16 char Non-SCSI scanners 0 = /dev/gs4500 Genius 4500 handheld scanner block GoldStar CD-ROM 0 = /dev/gscd GoldStar CD-ROM 17 char Chase serial card 0 = /dev/ttyH0 First Chase port 1 = /dev/ttyH1 Second Chase port ... block Optics Storage CD-ROM 0 = /dev/optcd Optics Storage CD-ROM 18 char Chase serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cuh0 Callout device corresponding to ttyH0 1 = /dev/cuh1 Callout device corresponding to ttyH1 ... block Sanyo CD-ROM 0 = /dev/sjcd Sanyo CD-ROM 19 char Cyclades serial card 0 = /dev/ttyC0 First Cyclades port ... 31 = /dev/ttyC31 32nd Cyclades port block "Double" compressed disk 0 = /dev/double0 First compressed disk ... 7 = /dev/double7 Eighth compressed disk 128 = /dev/cdouble0 Mirror of first compressed disk ... 135 = /dev/cdouble7 Mirror of eighth compressed disk See the Double documentation for the meaning of the mirror devices. 20 char Cyclades serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cub0 Callout device corresponding to ttyC0 ... 31 = /dev/cub31 Callout device corresponding to ttyC31 block Hitachi CD-ROM (under development) 0 = /dev/hitcd Hitachi CD-ROM 21 char Generic SCSI access 0 = /dev/sg0 First generic SCSI device 1 = /dev/sg1 Second generic SCSI device ... Most distributions name these /dev/sga, /dev/sgb...; this sets an unnecessary limit of 26 SCSI devices in the system and is counter to standard Linux device-naming practice. block Acorn MFM hard drive interface 0 = /dev/mfma First MFM drive whole disk 64 = /dev/mfmb Second MFM drive whole disk This device is used on the ARM-based Acorn RiscPC. Partitions are handled the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3). 22 char Digiboard serial card 0 = /dev/ttyD0 First Digiboard port 1 = /dev/ttyD1 Second Digiboard port ... block Second IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface 0 = /dev/hdc Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM) 64 = /dev/hdd Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM) Partitions are handled the same way as for the first interface (see major number 3). 23 char Digiboard serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cud0 Callout device corresponding to ttyD0 1 = /dev/cud1 Callout device corresponding to ttyD1 ... block Mitsumi proprietary CD-ROM 0 = /dev/mcd Mitsumi CD-ROM 24 char Stallion serial card 0 = /dev/ttyE0 Stallion port 0 card 0 1 = /dev/ttyE1 Stallion port 1 card 0 ... 64 = /dev/ttyE64 Stallion port 0 card 1 65 = /dev/ttyE65 Stallion port 1 card 1 ... 128 = /dev/ttyE128 Stallion port 0 card 2 129 = /dev/ttyE129 Stallion port 1 card 2 ... 192 = /dev/ttyE192 Stallion port 0 card 3 193 = /dev/ttyE193 Stallion port 1 card 3 ... block Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM 0 = /dev/cdu535 Sony CDU-535 CD-ROM 25 char Stallion serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cue0 Callout device corresponding to ttyE0 1 = /dev/cue1 Callout device corresponding to ttyE1 ... 64 = /dev/cue64 Callout device corresponding to ttyE64 65 = /dev/cue65 Callout device corresponding to ttyE65 ... 128 = /dev/cue128 Callout device corresponding to ttyE128 129 = /dev/cue129 Callout device corresponding to ttyE129 ... 192 = /dev/cue192 Callout device corresponding to ttyE192 193 = /dev/cue193 Callout device corresponding to ttyE193 ... block First Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM 0 = /dev/sbpcd0 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 0 1 = /dev/sbpcd1 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 1 2 = /dev/sbpcd2 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 2 3 = /dev/sbpcd3 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 0 unit 3 26 char Quanta WinVision frame grabber 0 = /dev/wvisfgrab Quanta WinVision frame grabber block Second Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM 0 = /dev/sbpcd4 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 0 1 = /dev/sbpcd5 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 1 2 = /dev/sbpcd6 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 2 3 = /dev/sbpcd7 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 1 unit 3 27 char QIC-117 tape 0 = /dev/qft0 Unit 0, rewind-on-close 1 = /dev/qft1 Unit 1, rewind-on-close 2 = /dev/qft2 Unit 2, rewind-on-close 3 = /dev/qft3 Unit 3, rewind-on-close 4 = /dev/nqft0 Unit 0, no rewind-on-close 5 = /dev/nqft1 Unit 1, no rewind-on-close 6 = /dev/nqft2 Unit 2, no rewind-on-close 7 = /dev/nqft3 Unit 3, no rewind-on-close 16 = /dev/zqft0 Unit 0, rewind-on-close, compression 17 = /dev/zqft1 Unit 1, rewind-on-close, compression 18 = /dev/zqft2 Unit 2, rewind-on-close, compression 19 = /dev/zqt3 Unit 3, rewind-on-close, compression 20 = /dev/nzqft0 Unit 0, no rewind-on-close, compression 21 = /dev/nzqft1 Unit 1, no rewind-on-close, compression 22 = /dev/nzqft2 Unit 2, no rewind-on-close, compression 23 = /dev/nzqft3 Unit 3, no rewind-on-close, compression 32 = /dev/rawqft0 Unit 0, rewind-on-close, no file marks 33 = /dev/rawqft1 Unit 1, rewind-on-close, no file marks 34 = /dev/rawqft2 Unit 2, rewind-on-close, no file marks 35 = /dev/rawqft3 Unit 3, rewind-on-close, no file marks 32 = /dev/nrawqft0 Unit 0, no rewind-on-close, no file marks 33 = /dev/nrawqft1 Unit 1, no rewind-on-close, no file marks 34 = /dev/nrawqft2 Unit 2, no rewind-on-close, no file marks 35 = /dev/nrawqft3 Unit 3, no rewind-on-close, no file marks block Third Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM 0 = /dev/sbpcd8 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 0 1 = /dev/sbpcd9 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 1 2 = /dev/sbpcd10 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 2 3 = /dev/sbpcd11 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 2 unit 3 28 char Stallion serial card - card programming 0 = /dev/staliomem0 First Stallion card I/O memory 1 = /dev/staliomem1 Second Stallion card I/O memory 2 = /dev/staliomem2 Third Stallion card I/O memory 3 = /dev/staliomem3 Fourth Stallion card I/O memory char Atari SLM ACSI laser printer (68k/Atari) 0 = /dev/slm0 First SLM laser printer 1 = /dev/slm1 Second SLM laser printer ... block Fourth Matsushita (Panasonic/SoundBlaster) CD-ROM 0 = /dev/sbpcd12 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 0 1 = /dev/sbpcd13 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 1 2 = /dev/sbpcd14 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 2 3 = /dev/sbpcd15 Panasonic CD-ROM controller 3 unit 3 block ACSI disk (68k/Atari) 0 = /dev/ada First ACSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/adb Second ACSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/adc Third ACSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/adp 16th ACSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15, like SCSI. 29 char Universal frame buffer 0 = /dev/fb0 First frame buffer 32 = /dev/fb1 Second frame buffer ... 240 = /dev/fb7 Eighth frame buffer All additional minor numbers are reserved. block Aztech/Orchid/Okano/Wearnes CD-ROM 0 = /dev/aztcd Aztech CD-ROM 30 char iBCS-2 compatibility devices 0 = /dev/socksys Socket access 1 = /dev/spx SVR3 local X interface 2 = /dev/inet/arp Network access 2 = /dev/inet/icmp Network access 2 = /dev/inet/ip Network access 2 = /dev/inet/udp Network access 2 = /dev/inet/tcp Network access Additionally, iBCS-2 requires /dev/nfsd to be a link to /dev/socksys, and /dev/X0R to be a link to /dev/null. block Philips LMS CM-205 CD-ROM 0 = /dev/cm205cd Philips LMS CM-205 CD-ROM /dev/lmscd is an older name for this device. This driver does not work with the CM-205MS CD-ROM. 31 char MPU-401 MIDI 0 = /dev/mpu401data MPU-401 data port 1 = /dev/mpu401stat MPU-401 status port block ROM/flash memory card 0 = /dev/rom0 First ROM card (rw) ... 7 = /dev/rom7 Eighth ROM card (rw) 8 = /dev/rrom0 First ROM card (ro) ... 15 = /dev/rrom7 Eighth ROM card (ro) 16 = /dev/flash0 First flash memory card (rw) ... 23 = /dev/flash7 Eighth flash memory card (rw) 24 = /dev/rflash0 First flash memory card (ro) ... 31 = /dev/rflash7 Eighth flash memory card (ro) The read-write (rw) devices support back-caching written data in RAM, as well as writing to flash RAM devices. The read-only devices (ro) support reading only. 32 char Specialix serial card 0 = /dev/ttyX0 First Specialix port 1 = /dev/ttyX1 Second Specialix port ... block Philips LMS CM-206 CD-ROM 0 = /dev/cm206cd Philips LMS CM-206 CD-ROM 33 char Specialix serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cux0 Callout device corresponding to ttyX0 1 = /dev/cux1 Callout device corresponding to ttyX1 ... block Third IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface 0 = /dev/hde Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM) 64 = /dev/hdf Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM) Partitions are handled the same way as for the first interface (see major number 3). 34 char Z8530 HDLC driver 0 = /dev/scc0 First Z8530, first port 1 = /dev/scc1 First Z8530, second port 2 = /dev/scc2 Second Z8530, first port 3 = /dev/scc3 Second Z8530, second port ... In a previous version these devices were named /dev/sc1 for /dev/scc0, /dev/sc2 for /dev/scc1, and so on. block Fourth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface 0 = /dev/hdg Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM) 64 = /dev/hdh Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM) Partitions are handled the same way as for the first interface (see major number 3). 35 char tclmidi MIDI driver 0 = /dev/midi0 First MIDI port, kernel timed 1 = /dev/midi1 Second MIDI port, kernel timed 2 = /dev/midi2 Third MIDI port, kernel timed 3 = /dev/midi3 Fourth MIDI port, kernel timed 64 = /dev/rmidi0 First MIDI port, untimed 65 = /dev/rmidi1 Second MIDI port, untimed 66 = /dev/rmidi2 Third MIDI port, untimed 67 = /dev/rmidi3 Fourth MIDI port, untimed 128 = /dev/smpte0 First MIDI port, SMPTE timed 129 = /dev/smpte1 Second MIDI port, SMPTE timed 130 = /dev/smpte2 Third MIDI port, SMPTE timed 131 = /dev/smpte3 Fourth MIDI port, SMPTE timed block Slow memory ramdisk 0 = /dev/slram Slow memory ramdisk 36 char Netlink support 0 = /dev/route Routing, device updates, kernel to user 1 = /dev/skip enSKIP security cache control block MCA ESDI hard disk 0 = /dev/eda First ESDI disk whole disk 64 = /dev/edb Second ESDI disk whole disk ... Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks (see major number 3). 37 char IDE tape 0 = /dev/ht0 First IDE tape 128 = /dev/nht0 First IDE tape, no rewind-on-close Currently, only one IDE tape drive is supported. block Zorro II ramdisk 0 = /dev/z2ram Zorro II ramdisk 38 char Myricom PCI Myrinet board 0 = /dev/mlanai0 First Myrinet board 1 = /dev/mlanai1 Second Myrinet board ... This device is used for status query, board control and "user level packet I/O." This board is also accessible as a standard networking "eth" device. block Reserved for Linux/AP+ 39 char ML-16P experimental I/O board 0 = /dev/ml16pa-a0 First card, first analog channel 1 = /dev/ml16pa-a1 First card, second analog channel ... 15 = /dev/ml16pa-a15 First card, 16th analog channel 16 = /dev/ml16pa-d First card, digital lines 17 = /dev/ml16pa-c0 First card, first counter/timer 18 = /dev/ml16pa-c1 First card, second counter/timer 19 = /dev/ml16pa-c2 First card, third counter/timer 32 = /dev/ml16pb-a0 Second card, first analog channel 33 = /dev/ml16pb-a1 Second card, second analog channel ... 47 = /dev/ml16pb-a15 Second card, 16th analog channel 48 = /dev/ml16pb-d Second card, digital lines 49 = /dev/ml16pb-c0 Second card, first counter/timer 50 = /dev/ml16pb-c1 Second card, second counter/timer 51 = /dev/ml16pb-c2 Second card, third counter/timer ... block Reserved for Linux/AP+ 40 char Matrox Meteor frame grabber 0 = /dev/mmetfgrab Matrox Meteor frame grabber block Syquest EZ135 parallel port removable drive 0 = /dev/eza Parallel EZ135 drive, whole disk This device is obsolete and will be removed in a future version of Linux. It has been replaced with the parallel port IDE disk driver at major number 45. Partitions are handled in the same way as IDE disks (see major number 3). 41 char Yet Another Micro Monitor 0 = /dev/yamm Yet Another Micro Monitor block MicroSolutions BackPack parallel port CD-ROM 0 = /dev/bpcd BackPack CD-ROM This device is obsolete and will be removed in a future version of Linux. It has been replaced with the parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM driver at major number 46. 42 Demo/sample use This number is intended for use in sample code, as well as a general "example" device number. It should never be used for a device driver that is being distributed; either obtain an official number or use the local/experimental range. The sudden addition or removal of a driver with this number should not cause ill effects to the system (bugs excepted.) IN PARTICULAR, ANY DISTRIBUTION WHICH CONTAINS A DEVICE DRIVER USING MAJOR NUMBER 42 IS NONCOMPLIANT. 43 char isdn4linux virtual modem 0 = /dev/ttyI0 First virtual modem ... 63 = /dev/ttyI63 64th virtual modem block Network block devices 0 = /dev/nb0 First network block device 1 = /dev/nb1 Second network block device ... Network Block Device is somehow similar to loopback devices: If you read from it, it sends packet accross network asking server for data. If you write to it, it sends packet telling server to write. It could be used to mounting filesystems over the net, swapping over the net, implementing block device in userland etc. 44 char isdn4linux virtual modem - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cui0 Callout device corresponding to ttyI0 ... 63 = /dev/cui63 Callout device corresponding to ttyI63 block Flash Translatio Layer (FTL) filesystems 0 = /dev/ftla FTL on first Memory Technology Device 16 = /dev/ftlb FTL on second Memory Technology Device 32 = /dev/ftlc FTL on third Memory Technology Device ... 240 = /dev/ftlp FTL on 16th Memory Technology Device Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) expect that the partition limit is 15 rather than 63 per disk (same as SCSI.) 45 char isdn4linux ISDN BRI driver 0 = /dev/isdn0 First virtual B channel raw data ... 63 = /dev/isdn63 64th virtual B channel raw data 64 = /dev/isdnctrl0 First channel control/debug ... 127 = /dev/isdnctrl63 64th channel control/debug 128 = /dev/ippp0 First SyncPPP device ... 191 = /dev/ippp63 64th SyncPPP device 255 = /dev/isdninfo ISDN monitor interface block Parallel port IDE disk devices 0 = /dev/pda First parallel port IDE disk 16 = /dev/pdb Second parallel port IDE disk 32 = /dev/pdc Third parallel port IDE disk 48 = /dev/pdd Fourth parallel port IDE disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the partition limit is 15 rather than 63 per disk. 46 char Comtrol Rocketport serial card 0 = /dev/ttyR0 First Rocketport port 1 = /dev/ttyR1 Second Rocketport port ... block Parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM devices 0 = /dev/pcd0 First parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM 1 = /dev/pcd1 Second parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM 2 = /dev/pcd2 Third parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM 3 = /dev/pcd3 Fourth parallel port ATAPI CD-ROM 47 char Comtrol Rocketport serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cur0 Callout device corresponding to ttyR0 1 = /dev/cur1 Callout device corresponding to ttyR1 ... block Parallel port ATAPI disk devices 0 = /dev/pf0 First parallel port ATAPI disk 1 = /dev/pf1 Second parallel port ATAPI disk 2 = /dev/pf2 Third parallel port ATAPI disk 3 = /dev/pf3 Fourth parallel port ATAPI disk This driver is intended for floppy disks and similar devices and hence does not support partitioning. 48 char SDL RISCom serial card 0 = /dev/ttyL0 First RISCom port 1 = /dev/ttyL1 Second RISCom port ... block Reserved for Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller 49 char SDL RISCom serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cul0 Callout device corresponding to ttyL0 1 = /dev/cul1 Callout device corresponding to ttyL1 ... block Reserved for Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller 50 char Reserved for GLINT block Reserved for Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller 51 char Baycom radio modem 0 = /dev/bc0 First Baycom radio modem 1 = /dev/bc1 Second Baycom radio modem ... block Reserved for Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller 52 char Spellcaster DataComm/BRI ISDN card 0 = /dev/dcbri0 First DataComm card 1 = /dev/dcbri1 Second DataComm card 2 = /dev/dcbri2 Third DataComm card 3 = /dev/dcbri3 Fourth DataComm card block Reserved for Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller 53 char BDM interface for remote debugging MC683xx microcontrollers 0 = /dev/pd_bdm0 PD BDM interface on lp0 1 = /dev/pd_bdm1 PD BDM interface on lp1 2 = /dev/pd_bdm2 PD BDM interface on lp2 4 = /dev/icd_bdm0 ICD BDM interface on lp0 5 = /dev/icd_bdm1 ICD BDM interface on lp1 6 = /dev/icd_bdm2 ICD BDM interface on lp2 This device is used for the interfacing to the MC683xx microcontrollers via Background Debug Mode by use of a Parallel Port interface. PD is the Motorola Public Domain Interface and ICD is the commercial interface by P&E. block Reserved for Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller 54 char Electrocardiognosis Holter serial card 0 = /dev/holter0 First Holter port 1 = /dev/holter1 Second Holter port 2 = /dev/holter2 Third Holter port A custom serial card used by Electrocardiognosis SRL to transfer data from Holter 24-hour heart monitoring equipment. block Reserved for Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller 55 char DSP56001 digital signal processor 0 = /dev/dsp56k First DSP56001 block Reserved for Mylex DAC960 PCI RAID controller 56 char Apple Desktop Bus 0 = /dev/adb ADB bus control Additional devices will be added to this number, all starting with /dev/adb. block Fifth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface 0 = /dev/hdi Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM) 64 = /dev/hdj Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM) Partitions are handled the same way as for the first interface (see major number 3). 57 char Hayes ESP serial card 0 = /dev/ttyP0 First ESP port 1 = /dev/ttyP1 Second ESP port ... block Sixth IDE hard disk/CD-ROM interface 0 = /dev/hdk Master: whole disk (or CD-ROM) 64 = /dev/hdl Slave: whole disk (or CD-ROM) Partitions are handled the same way as for the first interface (see major number 3). 58 char Hayes ESP serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cup0 Callout device corresponding to ttyP0 1 = /dev/cup1 Callout device corresponding to ttyP1 ... block Reserved for logical volume manager 59 char sf firewall package 0 = /dev/firewall Communication with sf kernel module 60-63 LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE Allocated for local/experimental use. For devices not assigned official numbers, these ranges should be used, in order to avoid conflicting with future assignments. 64 char ENskip kernel encryption package 0 = /dev/enskip Communication with ENskip kernel module 65 char Sundance "plink" Transputer boards 0 = /dev/plink0 First plink device 1 = /dev/plink1 Second plink device 2 = /dev/plink2 Third plink device 3 = /dev/plink3 Fourth plink device 64 = /dev/rplink0 First plink device, raw 65 = /dev/rplink1 Second plink device, raw 66 = /dev/rplink2 Third plink device, raw 67 = /dev/rplink3 Fourth plink device, raw 128 = /dev/plink0d First plink device, debug 129 = /dev/plink1d Second plink device, debug 130 = /dev/plink2d Third plink device, debug 131 = /dev/plink3d Fourth plink device, debug 192 = /dev/rplink0d First plink device, raw, debug 193 = /dev/rplink1d Second plink device, raw, debug 194 = /dev/rplink2d Third plink device, raw, debug 195 = /dev/rplink3d Fourth plink device, raw, debug This is a commercial driver; contact James Howes for information. block SCSI disk devices (16-31) 0 = /dev/sdq 16th SCSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/sdr 17th SCSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/sds 18th SCSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/sdaf 32nd SCSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15. 66 char YARC PowerPC PCI coprocessor card 0 = /dev/yppcpci0 First YARC card 1 = /dev/yppcpci1 Second YARC card ... block SCSI disk devices (32-47) 0 = /dev/sdag 33th SCSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/sdah 34th SCSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/sdai 35th SCSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/sdav 48nd SCSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15. 67 char Coda network file system 0 = /dev/cfs0 Coda cache manager See http://www.coda.cs.cmu.edu for information about Coda. block SCSI disk devices (48-63) 0 = /dev/sdaw 49th SCSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/sdax 50th SCSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/sday 51st SCSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/sdbl 64th SCSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15. 68 char CAPI 2.0 interface 0 = /dev/capi20 Control device 1 = /dev/capi20.00 First CAPI 2.0 application 2 = /dev/capi20.01 Second CAPI 2.0 application ... 20 = /dev/capi20.19 19th CAPI 2.0 application ISDN CAPI 2.0 driver for use with CAPI 2.0 applications; currently supports the AVM B1 card. block SCSI disk devices (64-79) 0 = /dev/sdbm 64th SCSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/sdbn 65th SCSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/sdbo 66th SCSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/sdcb 80th SCSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15. 69 char MA16 numeric accelerator card 0 = /dev/ma16 Board memory access block SCSI disk devices (80-95) 0 = /dev/sdcc 81st SCSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/sdcd 82nd SCSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/sdce 83th SCSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/sdcr 96th SCSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15. 70 char SpellCaster Protocol Services Interface 0 = /dev/apscfg Configuration interface 1 = /dev/apsauth Authentication interface 2 = /dev/apslog Logging interface 3 = /dev/apsdbg Debugging interface 64 = /dev/apsisdn ISDN command interface 65 = /dev/apsasync Async command interface 128 = /dev/apsmon Monitor interface block SCSI disk devices (96-111) 0 = /dev/sdcs 97th SCSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/sdct 98th SCSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/sdcu 99th SCSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/sddh 112nd SCSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15. 71 char Computone IntelliPort II serial card 0 = /dev/ttyF0 IntelliPort II board 0, port 0 1 = /dev/ttyF1 IntelliPort II board 0, port 1 ... 63 = /dev/ttyF63 IntelliPort II board 0, port 63 64 = /dev/ttyF64 IntelliPort II board 1, port 0 65 = /dev/ttyF65 IntelliPort II board 1, port 1 ... 127 = /dev/ttyF127 IntelliPort II board 1, port 63 128 = /dev/ttyF128 IntelliPort II board 2, port 0 129 = /dev/ttyF129 IntelliPort II board 2, port 1 ... 191 = /dev/ttyF191 IntelliPort II board 2, port 63 192 = /dev/ttyF192 IntelliPort II board 3, port 0 193 = /dev/ttyF193 IntelliPort II board 3, port 1 ... 255 = /dev/ttyF255 IntelliPort II board 3, port 63 block SCSI disk devices (112-127) 0 = /dev/sddi 113th SCSI disk whole disk 16 = /dev/sddj 114th SCSI disk whole disk 32 = /dev/sddk 115th SCSI disk whole disk ... 240 = /dev/sddx 128th SCSI disk whole disk Partitions are handled in the same way as for IDE disks (see major number 3) except that the limit on partitions is 15. 72 char Computone IntelliPort II serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cuf0 Callout device corresponding to ttyF0 1 = /dev/cuf1 Callout device corresponding to ttyF1 ... 63 = /dev/cuf63 Callout device corresponding to ttyF63 64 = /dev/cuf64 Callout device corresponding to ttyF64 65 = /dev/cuf65 Callout device corresponding to ttyF65 ... 127 = /dev/cuf127 Callout device corresponding to ttyF127 128 = /dev/cuf128 Callout device corresponding to ttyF128 129 = /dev/cuf129 Callout device corresponding to ttyF129 ... 191 = /dev/cuf191 Callout device corresponding to ttyF191 192 = /dev/cuf192 Callout device corresponding to ttyF192 193 = /dev/cuf193 Callout device corresponding to ttyF193 ... 255 = /dev/cuf255 Callout device corresponding to ttyF255 73 char Computone IntelliPort II serial card - control devices 0 = /dev/ip2ipl0 Loadware device for board 0 1 = /dev/ip2stat0 Status device for board 0 4 = /dev/ip2ipl1 Loadware device for board 1 5 = /dev/ip2stat1 Status device for board 1 8 = /dev/ip2ipl2 Loadware device for board 2 9 = /dev/ip2stat2 Status device for board 2 12 = /dev/ip2ipl3 Loadware device for board 3 13 = /dev/ip2stat3 Status device for board 3 74 char SCI bridge 0 = /dev/SCI/0 SCI device 0 1 = /dev/SCI/1 SCI device 1 ... Currently for Dolphin Interconnect Solutions' PCI-SCI bridge. 75 char Specialix IO8+ serial card 0 = /dev/ttyW0 First IO8+ port, first card 1 = /dev/ttyW1 Second IO8+ port, first card ... 8 = /dev/ttyW8 First IO8+ port, second card ... 76 char Specialix IO8+ serial card - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cuw0 Callout device corresponding to ttyW0 1 = /dev/cuw1 Callout device corresponding to ttyW1 ... 8 = /dev/cuw8 Callout device corresponding to ttyW8 ... 77 char ComScire Quantum Noise Generator 0 = /dev/qng ComScire Quantum Noise Generator 78 char PAM Software's multimodem boards 0 = /dev/ttyM0 First PAM modem 1 = /dev/ttyM1 Second PAM modem ... 79 char PAM Software's multimodem boards - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cum0 Callout device corresponding to ttyM0 1 = /dev/cum1 Callout device corresponding to ttyM1 ... 80 char Photometrics AT200 CCD camera 0 = /dev/at200 Photometrics AT200 CCD camera 81 char video4linux 0 = /dev/video0 Video capture/overlay device ... 63 = /dev/video63 Video capture/overlay device 64 = /dev/radio0 Radio device ... 127 = /dev/radio63 Radio device 192 = /dev/vtx0 Teletext device ... 223 = /dev/vtx31 Teletext device 224 = /dev/vbi0 Vertical blank interrupt ... 255 = /dev/vbi31 Vertical blank interrupt 82 char WiNRADiO communications receiver card 0 = /dev/winradio0 First WiNRADiO card 1 = /dev/winradio1 Second WiNRADiO card ... The driver and documentation may be obtained from http://www.proximity.com.au/~brian/winradio/ 83 char Teletext/videotext interfaces 0 = /dev/vtx Teletext decoder 16 = /dev/vttuner TV tuner on teletext interface Devices for the driver contained in the VideoteXt package. More information on http://home.pages.de/~videotext/ 84 char Ikon 1011[57] Versatec Greensheet Interface 0 = /dev/ihcp0 First Greensheet port 1 = /dev/ihcp1 Second Greensheet port 85 char Linux/SGI shared memory input queue 0 = /dev/shmiq Master shared input queue 1 = /dev/qcntl0 First device pushed 2 = /dev/qcntl1 Second device pushed ... 86 char SCSI media changer 0 = /dev/sch0 First SCSI media changer 1 = /dev/sch1 Second SCSI media changer ... 87 char Sony Control-A1 stereo control bus 0 = /dev/controla0 First device on chain 1 = /dev/controla1 Second device on chain ... 88 char COMX synchronous serial card 0 = /dev/comx0 COMX channel 0 1 = /dev/comx1 COMX channel 1 ... 89 char I2C bus interface 0 = /dev/i2c0 First I2C adapter 1 = /dev/i2c1 Second I2C adapter ... 90 char Memory Technology Device (RAM, ROM, Flash) 0 = /dev/mtd0 First MTD (rw) 1 = /dev/mtdr0 First MTD (ro) ... 30 = /dev/mtd15 16th MTD (rw) 31 = /dev/mtdr15 16th MTD (ro) 91 char CAN-Bus devices 0 = /dev/can0 First CAN-Bus controller 1 = /dev/can1 Second CAN-Bus controller ... 92 char Reserved for ith Kommunikationstechnik MIC ISDN card 93 char IBM Smart Capture Card frame grabber 0 = /dev/iscc0 First Smart Capture Card 1 = /dev/iscc1 Second Smart Capture Card ... 128 = /dev/isccctl0 First Smart Capture Card control 129 = /dev/isccctl1 Second Smart Capture Card control ... 94 char miroVIDEO DC10/30 capture/playback device 0 = /dev/dcxx0 First capture card 1 = /dev/dcxx1 Second capture card ... 95 char IP filter 0 = /dev/ipl Filter control device/log file 1 = /dev/ipnat NAT control device/log file 2 = /dev/ipstate State information log file 3 = /dev/ipauth Authentication control device/log file 96 char Parallel port ATAPI tape devices 0 = /dev/pt0 First parallel port ATAPI tape 1 = /dev/pt1 Second parallel port ATAPI tape 2 = /dev/pt2 Third parallel port ATAPI tape 3 = /dev/pt3 Fourth parallel port ATAPI tape 128 = /dev/npt0 First p.p. ATAPI tape, no rewind 129 = /dev/npt1 Second p.p. ATAPI tape, no rewind 130 = /dev/npt2 Third p.p. ATAPI tape, no rewind 131 = /dev/npt3 Fourth p.p. ATAPI tape, no rewind 97 char Parallel port generic ATAPI interface 0 = /dev/pg0 First parallel port ATAPI device 1 = /dev/pg1 Second parallel port ATAPI device 2 = /dev/pg2 Third parallel port ATAPI device 3 = /dev/pg3 Fourth parallel port ATAPI device These devices support the same API as the generic SCSI devices. 98 char Control and Measurement Device (comedi) 0 = /dev/comedi0 First comedi device 1 = /dev/comedi1 Second comedi device ... See http://stm.lbl.gov/comedi or http://www.llp.fu-berlin.de/. 99 char Raw parallel ports 0 = /dev/parport0 First parallel port 1 = /dev/parport1 Second parallel port ... 100 char POTS (analogue telephone) A/B port 0 = /dev/phone0 First telephone port 1 = /dev/phone1 Second telephone port ... 101 char Motorola DSP 56xxx board 0 = /dev/mdspstat Status information 1 = /dev/mdsp1 First DSP board I/O controls ... 16 = /dev/mdsp16 16th DSP board I/O controls 102 char Philips SAA5249 Teletext signal decoder 0 = /dev/tlk0 First Teletext decoder 1 = /dev/tlk1 Second Teletext decoder 2 = /dev/tlk2 Third Teletext decoder 3 = /dev/tlk3 Fourth Teletext decoder 103 char Arla network file system 0 = /dev/xfs0 Arla XFS Arla is a free clone of the Andrew File System, AFS. Any resemblance with the Swedish milk producer is coincidental. For more information about the project, write to or subscribe to the arla announce mailing list by sending a mail to . 104 char Flash BIOS support 105 char Comtrol VS-1000 serial controller 0 = /dev/ttyV0 First VS-1000 port 1 = /dev/ttyV1 Second VS-1000 port ... 106 char Comtrol VS-1000 serial controller - alternate devices 0 = /dev/cuv0 First VS-1000 port 1 = /dev/cuv1 Second VS-1000 port ... 107 char 3Dfx Voodoo Graphics device 0 = /dev/3dfx Primary 3Dfx graphics device 108 char Device independent PPP interface 0 = /dev/ppp Device independent PPP interface 109 char Reserved for logical volume manager 110 char miroMEDIA Surround board 0 = /dev/srnd0 First miroMEDIA Surround board 1 = /dev/srnd1 Second miroMEDIA Surround board ... 111-119 UNALLOCATED 120-127 LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE 128-135 char Unix98 PTY masters These devices should not have corresponding device nodes; instead they should be accessed through the /dev/ptmx cloning interface. 136-143 char Unix98 PTY slaves 0 = /dev/pts/0 First Unix98 pseudo-TTY 1 = /dev/pts/1 Second Unix98 pesudo-TTY These device nodes are automatically generated with the proper permissions and modes by mounting the devpts filesystem onto /dev/pts with the appropriate mount options (distribution dependent). 144-239 UNALLOCATED 240-254 LOCAL/EXPERIMENTAL USE 255 RESERVED This major is reserved to assist the expansion to a larger number space. No device nodes with this major should ever be created on the filesystem. **** ADDITIONAL /dev DIRECTORY ENTRIES This section details additional entries that should or may exist in the /dev directory. It is preferred that symbolic links use the same form (absolute or relative) as is indicated here. Links are classified as "hard" or "symbolic" depending on the preferred type of link; if possible, the indicated type of link should be used. Compulsory links These links should exist on all systems: /dev/fd /proc/self/fd symbolic File descriptors /dev/stdin fd/0 symbolic stdin file descriptor /dev/stdout fd/1 symbolic stdout file descriptor /dev/stderr fd/2 symbolic stderr file descriptor /dev/nfsd socksys symbolic Required by iBCS-2 /dev/X0R null symbolic Required by iBCS-2 Note: the last device is --. Recommended links It is recommended that these links exist on all systems: /dev/core /proc/kcore symbolic Backward compatibility /dev/ramdisk ram0 symbolic Backward compatibility /dev/ftape qft0 symbolic Backward compatibility /dev/bttv0 video0 symbolic Backward compatibility /dev/radio radio0 symbolic Backward compatibility /dev/scd? sr? hard Alternate SCSI CD-ROM name Locally defined links The following links may be established locally to conform to the configuration of the system. This is merely a tabulation of existing practice, and does not constitute a recommendation. However, if they exist, they should have the following uses. /dev/mouse mouse port symbolic Current mouse device /dev/tape tape device symbolic Current tape device /dev/cdrom CD-ROM device symbolic Current CD-ROM device /dev/cdwriter CD-writer symbolic Current CD-writer device /dev/scanner scanner symbolic Current scanner device /dev/modem modem port symbolic Current dialout device /dev/root root device symbolic Current root filesystem /dev/swap swap device symbolic Current swap device /dev/modem should not be used for a modem which supports dialin as well as dialout, as it tends to cause lock file problems. If it exists, /dev/modem should point to the appropriate primary TTY device (the use of the alternate callout devices is deprecated). For SCSI devices, /dev/tape and /dev/cdrom should point to the ``cooked'' devices (/dev/st* and /dev/sr*, respectively), whereas /dev/cdwriter and /dev/scanner should point to the appropriate generic SCSI devices (/dev/sg*). /dev/mouse may point to a primary serial TTY device, a hardware mouse device, or a socket for a mouse driver program (e.g. /dev/gpmdata). Sockets and pipes Non-transient sockets and named pipes may exist in /dev. Common entries are: /dev/printer socket lpd local socket /dev/log socket syslog local socket /dev/gpmdata socket gpm mouse multiplexer **** TERMINAL DEVICES Terminal, or TTY devices are a special class of character devices. A terminal device is any device that could act as a controlling terminal for a session; this includes virtual consoles, serial ports, and pseudoterminals (PTYs). All terminal devices share a common set of capabilities known as line diciplines; these include the common terminal line dicipline as well as SLIP and PPP modes. All terminal devices are named similarly; this section explains the naming and use of the various types of TTYs. Note that the naming conventions include several historical warts; some of these are Linux-specific, some were inherited from other systems, and some reflect Linux outgrowing a borrowed convention. A hash mark (#) in a device name is used here to indicate a decimal number without leading zeroes. Virtual consoles and the console device Virtual consoles are full-screen terminal displays on the system video monitor. Virtual consoles are named /dev/tty#, with numbering starting at /dev/tty1; /dev/tty0 is the current virtual console. /dev/tty0 is the device that should be used to access the system video card on those architectures for which the frame buffer devices (/dev/fb*) are not applicable. Do not use /dev/console for this purpose. The console device, /dev/console, is the device to which system messages should be sent, and on which logins should be permitted in single-user mode. Starting with Linux 2.1.71, /dev/console is managed by the kernel; for previous versions it should be a symbolic link to either /dev/tty0, a specific virtual console such as /dev/tty1, or to a serial port primary (tty*, not cu*) device, depending on the configuration of the system. Serial ports Serial ports are RS-232 serial ports and any device which simulates one, either in hardware (such as internal modems) or in software (such as the ISDN driver.) Under Linux, each serial ports has two device names, the primary or callin device and the alternate or callout one. Each kind of device is indicated by a different letter. For any letter X, the names of the devices are /dev/ttyX# and /dev/cux#, respectively; for historical reasons, /dev/ttyS# and /dev/ttyC# correspond to /dev/cua# and /dev/cub#. In the future, it should be expected that multiple letters will be used; all letters will be upper case for the "tty" device (e.g. /dev/ttyDP#) and lower case for the "cu" device (e.g. /dev/cudp#). The names /dev/ttyQ# and /dev/cuq# are reserved for local use. The alternate devices provide for kernel-based exclusion and somewhat different defaults than the primary devices. Their main purpose is to allow the use of serial ports with programs with no inherent or broken support for serial ports. Their use is deprecated, and they may be removed from a future version of Linux. Arbitration of serial ports is provided by the use of lock files with the names /var/lock/LCK..ttyX#. The contents of the lock file should be the PID of the locking process as an ASCII number. It is common practice to install links such as /dev/modem which point to serial ports. In order to ensure proper locking in the presence of these links, it is recommended that software chase symlinks and lock all possible names; additionally, it is recommended that a lock file be installed with the corresponding alternate device. In order to avoid deadlocks, it is recommended that the locks are acquired in the following order, and released in the reverse: 1. The symbolic link name, if any (/var/lock/LCK..modem) 2. The "tty" name (/var/lock/LCK..ttyS2) 3. The alternate device name (/var/lock/LCK..cua2) In the case of nested symbolic links, the lock files should be installed in the order the symlinks are resolved. Under no circumstances should an application hold a lock while waiting for another to be released. In addition, applications which attempt to create lock files for the corresponding alternate device names should take into account the possibility of being used on a non-serial port TTY, for which no alternate device would exist. Pseudoterminals (PTYs) Pseudoterminals, or PTYs, are used to create login sessions or provide other capabilities requiring a TTY line dicipline (including SLIP or PPP capability) to arbitrary data-generation processes. Each PTY has a master side, named /dev/pty[p-za-e][0-9a-f], and a slave side, named /dev/tty[p-za-e][0-9a-f]. The kernel arbitrates the use of PTYs by allowing each master side to be opened only once. Once the master side has been opened, the corresponding slave device can be used in the same manner as any TTY device. The master and slave devices are connected by the kernel, generating the equivalent of a bidirectional pipe with TTY capabilities. Recent versions of the Linux kernels and GNU libc contain support for the System V/Unix98 naming scheme for PTYs, which assigns a common device, /dev/ptmx, to all the masters (opening it will automatically give you a previously unassigned PTY) and a subdirectory, /dev/pts, for the slaves; the slaves are named with decimal integers (/dev/pts/# in our notation). This removes the problem of exhausting the namespace and enables the kernel to automatically create the device nodes for the slaves on demand using the "devpts" filesystem.