# XIVE for sPAPR (pseries machines)

The POWER9 processor comes with a new interrupt controller architecture, called XIVE as “eXternal Interrupt Virtualization Engine”. It supports a larger number of interrupt sources and offers virtualization features which enables the HW to deliver interrupts directly to virtual processors without hypervisor assistance.

A QEMU `pseries` machine (which is PAPR compliant) using POWER9 processors can run under two interrupt modes:

- Legacy Compatibility Mode

  the hypervisor provides identical interfaces and similar functionality to PAPR+ Version 2.7. This is the default mode

  It is also referred as XICS in QEMU.

- XIVE native exploitation mode

  the hypervisor provides new interfaces to manage the XIVE control structures, and provides direct control for interrupt management through MMIO pages.

Which interrupt modes can be used by the machine is negotiated with the guest O/S during the Client Architecture Support negotiation sequence. The two modes are mutually exclusive.

Both interrupt mode share the same IRQ number space. See below for the layout.

## CAS Negotiation

QEMU advertises the supported interrupt modes in the device tree property `ibm,arch-vec-5-platform-support` in byte 23 and the OS Selection for XIVE is indicated in the `ibm,architecture-vec-5` property byte 23.

The interrupt modes supported by the machine depend on the CPU type (POWER9 is required for XIVE) but also on the machine property `ic-mode` which can be set on the command line. It can take the following values: `xics`, `xive`, and `dual` which is the default mode. `dual` means that both modes XICS and XIVE are supported and if the guest OS supports XIVE, this mode will be selected.

The chosen interrupt mode is activated after a reconfiguration done in a machine reset.

## KVM negotiation

When the guest starts under KVM, the capabilities of the host kernel and QEMU are also negotiated. Depending on the version of the host kernel, KVM will advertise the XIVE capability to QEMU or not.

Nevertheless, the available interrupt modes in the machine should not depend on the XIVE KVM capability of the host. On older kernels without XIVE KVM support, QEMU will use the emulated XIVE device as a fallback and on newer kernels (>=5.2), the KVM XIVE device.

XIVE native exploitation mode is not supported for KVM nested guests, VMs running under a L1 hypervisor (KVM on pSeries). In that case, the hypervisor will not advertise the KVM capability and QEMU will use the emulated XIVE device, same as for older versions of KVM.

As a final refinement, the user can also switch the use of the KVM device with the machine option `kernel_irqchip`.

### XIVE support in KVM

For guest OSes supporting XIVE, the resulting interrupt modes on host kernels with XIVE KVM support are the following:

ic-mode | kernel_irqchip
--- | ---
/ | allowed (default) | off | on
dual (default) | XIVE KVM | XIVE emul. | XIVE KVM
xive | XIVE KVM | XIVE emul. | XIVE KVM
xics | XICS KVM | XICS emul. | XICS KVM

For legacy guest OSes without XIVE support, the resulting interrupt modes are the following:

ic-mode | kernel_irqchip
--- | ---
/ | allowed (default) | off | on
dual (default) | XICS KVM | XICS emul. | XICS KVM
xive | QEMU error(3) | QEMU error(3) | QEMU error(3)
xics | XICS KVM | XICS emul. | XICS KVM

3. QEMU fails at CAS with `Guest requested unavailable interrupt mode (XICS), either don't set the ic-mode machine property or try ic-mode=xics or ic-mode=dual`

### No XIVE support in KVM

For guest OSes supporting XIVE, the resulting interrupt modes on host kernels without XIVE KVM support are the following:

ic-mode | kernel_irqchip
--- | ---
/ | allowed (default) | off | on
dual (default) | XIVE emul.(1) | XIVE emul. | QEMU error (2)
xive | XIVE emul.(1) | XIVE emul. | QEMU error (2)
xics | XICS KVM | XICS emul. | XICS KVM

1. QEMU warns with `warning: kernel_irqchip requested but unavailable: IRQ_XIVE capability must be present for KVM` In some cases (old host kernels or KVM nested guests), one may hit a QEMU/KVM incompatibility due to device destruction in reset. QEMU fails with `KVM is incompatible with ic-mode=dual,kernel-irqchip=on`

2. QEMU fails with `kernel_irqchip requested but unavailable: IRQ_XIVE capability must be present for KVM`

For legacy guest OSes without XIVE support, the resulting interrupt modes are the following:

ic-mode | kernel_irqchip
--- | ---
/ | allowed (default) | off | on
dual (default) | QEMU error(4) | XICS emul. | QEMU error(4)
xive | QEMU error(3) | QEMU error(3) | QEMU error(3)
xics | XICS KVM | XICS emul. | XICS KVM

3. QEMU fails at CAS with `Guest requested unavailable interrupt mode (XICS), either don't set the ic-mode machine property or try ic-mode=xics or ic-mode=dual`

4. QEMU/KVM incompatibility due to device destruction in reset. QEMU fails with `KVM is incompatible with ic-mode=dual,kernel-irqchip=on`

## XIVE Device tree properties

The properties for the PAPR interrupt controller node when the XIVE native exploitation mode is selected should contain:

- `device_type`

  value should be “power-ivpe”.

- `compatible`

  value should be “ibm,power-ivpe”.

- `reg`

  contains the base address and size of the thread interrupt managnement areas (TIMA), for the User level and for the Guest OS level. Only the Guest OS level is taken into account today.

- `ibm,xive-eq-sizes`

  the size of the event queues. One cell per size supported, contains log2 of size, in ascending order.

- `ibm,xive-lisn-ranges`

  the IRQ interrupt number ranges assigned to the guest for the IPIs.

The root node also exports :

- `ibm,plat-res-int-priorities`

  contains a list of priorities that the hypervisor has reserved for its own use.

## IRQ number space

IRQ Number space of the `pseries` machine is 8K wide and is the same for both interrupt mode. The different ranges are defined as follow :

- `0x0000 .. 0x0FFF` 4K CPU IPIs (only used under XIVE)

- `0x1000 .. 0x1000` 1 EPOW

- `0x1001 .. 0x1001` 1 HOTPLUG

- `0x1002 .. 0x10FF` unused

- `0x1100 .. 0x11FF` 256 VIO devices

- `0x1200 .. 0x127F` 32x4 LSIs for PHB devices

- `0x1280 .. 0x12FF` unused

- `0x1300 .. 0x1FFF` PHB MSIs (dynamically allocated)

## Monitoring XIVE

The state of the XIVE interrupt controller can be queried through the monitor commands `info pic`. The output comes in two parts.

First, the state of the thread interrupt context registers is dumped for each CPU :

    (qemu) info pic
    CPU[0000]:   QW   NSR CPPR IPB LSMFB ACK# INC AGE PIPR  W2
    CPU[0000]: USER    00   00  00    00   00  00  00   00  00000000
    CPU[0000]:   OS    00   ff  00    00   ff  00  ff   ff  80000400
    CPU[0000]: POOL    00   00  00    00   00  00  00   00  00000000
    CPU[0000]: PHYS    00   00  00    00   00  00  00   ff  00000000
    ...

In the case of a `pseries` machine, QEMU acts as the hypervisor and only the O/S and USER register rings make sense. `W2` contains the vCPU CAM line which is set to the VP identifier.

Then comes the routing information which aggregates the EAS and the END configuration:

    ...
    LISN         PQ    EISN     CPU/PRIO EQ
    00000000 MSI --    00000010   0/6    380/16384 @1fe3e0000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00000001 MSI --    00000010   1/6    305/16384 @1fc230000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00000002 MSI --    00000010   2/6    220/16384 @1fc2f0000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00000003 MSI --    00000010   3/6    201/16384 @1fc390000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00000004 MSI -Q  M 00000000
    00000005 MSI -Q  M 00000000
    00000006 MSI -Q  M 00000000
    00000007 MSI -Q  M 00000000
    00001000 MSI --    00000012   0/6    380/16384 @1fe3e0000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00001001 MSI --    00000013   0/6    380/16384 @1fe3e0000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00001100 MSI --    00000100   1/6    305/16384 @1fc230000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00001101 MSI -Q  M 00000000
    00001200 LSI -Q  M 00000000
    00001201 LSI -Q  M 00000000
    00001202 LSI -Q  M 00000000
    00001203 LSI -Q  M 00000000
    00001300 MSI --    00000102   1/6    305/16384 @1fc230000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00001301 MSI --    00000103   2/6    220/16384 @1fc2f0000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]
    00001302 MSI --    00000104   3/6    201/16384 @1fc390000 ^1 [ 80000010 ... ]

The source information and configuration:

- The `LISN` column outputs the interrupt number of the source in range `[ 0x0 ... 0x1FFF ]` and its type : `MSI` or `LSI`

- The `PQ` column reflects the state of the PQ bits of the source :

  - `--` source is ready to take events

  - `P-` an event was sent and an EOI is PENDING

  - `PQ` an event was QUEUED

  - `-Q` source is OFF

  a `M` indicates that source is MASKED at the EAS level,

The targeting configuration :

- The `EISN` column is the event data that will be queued in the event queue of the O/S.

- The `CPU/PRIO` column is the tuple defining the CPU number and priority queue serving the source.

- The `EQ` column outputs :

  - the current index of the event queue/ the max number of entries

  - the O/S event queue address

  - the toggle bit

  - the last entries that were pushed in the event queue.