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# View Source lists (stdlib v6.2)

List processing functions.

This module contains functions for list processing.

Unless otherwise stated, all functions assume that position numbering starts at 1. That is, the first element of a list is at position 1.

Two terms `T1` and `T2` compare equal if `T1 == T2` evaluates to `true`. They match if `T1 =:= T2` evaluates to `true`.

Whenever an ordering function `F` is expected as argument, it is assumed that the following properties hold of `F` for all x, y, and z:

- If x `F` y and y `F` x, then x = y (`F` is antisymmetric).
- If x `F` y and y `F` z, then x `F` z (`F` is transitive).
- x `F` y or y `F` x (`F` is total).

An example of a typical ordering function is less than or equal to: `=</2`.

# Summary

## Functions

all(Pred, List)

Returns `true` if `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` for all elements `Elem` in `List`, otherwise `false`. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

any(Pred, List)

Returns `true` if `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` for at least one element `Elem` in `List`. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

append(ListOfLists)

Returns a list in which all the sublists of `ListOfLists` have been appended.

append(List1, List2)

Returns a new list `List3`, which is made from the elements of `List1` followed by the elements of `List2`.

concat(Things)

Concatenates the text representation of the elements of `Things`. The elements of `Things` can be atoms, integers, floats, or strings.

delete(Elem, List1)

Returns a copy of `List1` where the first element matching `Elem` is deleted, if there is such an element.

droplast(List)

Drops the last element of a `List`. The list is to be non-empty, otherwise the function crashes with a `function_clause`.

dropwhile(Pred, List1)

Drops elements `Elem` from `List1` while `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` and returns the remaining list. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

duplicate(N, Elem)

Returns a list containing `N` copies of term `Elem`.

enumerate(List1)

Equivalent to `enumerate(1, 1, List1)`.

enumerate(Index, List1)

Equivalent to `enumerate(Index, 1, List1)`.

enumerate(Index, Step, List1)

Returns `List1` with each element `H` replaced by a tuple of form `{I, H}` where `I` is the position of `H` in `List1`. The enumeration starts with `Index` and increases by `Step` in each step.

filter(Pred, List1)

`List2` is a list of all elements `Elem` in `List1` for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

filtermap(Fun, List1)

Calls `Fun(Elem)` on successive elements `Elem` of `List1` in order to update or remove elements from `List1`.

flatlength(DeepList)

Equivalent to `length(flatten(DeepList))`, but more efficient.

flatmap(Fun, List1)

Takes a function from `A`s to lists of `B`s, and a list of `A`s (`List1`) and produces a list of `B`s by applying the function to every element in `List1` and appending the resulting lists.

flatten(DeepList)

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList`.

flatten(DeepList, Tail)

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList` with tail `Tail` appended.

foldl(Fun, Acc0, List)

Calls `Fun(Elem, AccIn)` on successive elements `A` of `List`, starting with `AccIn == Acc0`. `Fun/2` must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next call. The function returns the final value of the accumulator. `Acc0` is returned if the list is empty.

foldr(Fun, Acc0, List)

Like `foldl/3`, but the list is traversed from right to left.

foreach(Fun, List)

Calls `Fun(Elem)` for each element `Elem` in `List`. This function is used for its side effects and the evaluation order is defined to be the same as the order of the elements in the list.

join(Sep, List1)

Inserts `Sep` between each element in `List1`. Has no effect on the empty list and on a singleton list. For example

keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1)

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is deleted, if there is such a tuple.

keyfind(Key, N, TupleList)

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`. Returns `Tuple` if such a tuple is found, otherwise `false`.

keymap(Fun, N, TupleList1)

Returns a list of tuples where, for each tuple in `TupleList1`, the `N`th element `Term1` of the tuple has been replaced with the result of calling `Fun(Term1)`.

keymember(Key, N, TupleList)

Returns `true` if there is a tuple in `TupleList` whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`, otherwise `false`.

keymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `TupleList1` and `TupleList2`.

keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a `T` tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is replaced with `NewTuple`, if there is such a tuple `T`.

keysearch(Key, N, TupleList)

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`. Returns `{value, Tuple}` if such a tuple is found, otherwise `false`.

keysort(N, TupleList1)

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of list `TupleList1`. Sorting is performed on the `N`th element of the tuples. The sort is stable.

keystore(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a tuple `T` whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is replaced with `NewTuple`, if there is such a tuple `T`. If there is no such tuple `T`, a copy of `TupleList1` where [`NewTuple`] has been appended to the end is returned.

keytake(Key, N, TupleList1)

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList1` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`. Returns `{value, Tuple, TupleList2}` if such a tuple is found, otherwise `false`. `TupleList2` is a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of `Tuple` has been removed.

last(List)

Returns the last element in `List`.

map(Fun, List1)

Takes a function from `A`s to `B`s, and a list of `A`s and produces a list of `B`s by applying the function to every element in the list. This function is used to obtain the return values. The evaluation order depends on the implementation.

mapfoldl(Fun, Acc0, List1)

Combines the operations of `map/2` and `foldl/3` into one pass.

mapfoldr(Fun, Acc0, List1)

Combines the operations of `map/2` and `foldr/3` into one pass.

max(List)

Returns the first element of `List` that compares greater than or equal to all other elements of `List`.

member(Elem, List)

Returns `true` if `Elem` matches some element of `List`, otherwise `false`.

merge3(List1, List2, List3)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2`, and `List3`. All of `List1`, `List2`, and `List3` must be sorted before evaluating this function.

merge(ListOfLists)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sublists of `ListOfLists`. All sublists must be sorted before evaluating this function.

merge(List1, List2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted before evaluating this function.

merge(Fun, List1, List2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted according to the ordering function `Fun` before evaluating this function.

min(List)

Returns the first element of `List` that compares less than or equal to all other elements of `List`.

nth(N, List)

Returns the `N`th element of `List`.

nthtail(N, List)

Returns the `N`th tail of `List`, that is, the sublist of `List` starting at `N+1` and continuing up to the end of the list.

partition(Pred, List)

Partitions `List` into two lists, where the first list contains all elements for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, and the second list contains all elements for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `false`.

prefix(List1, List2)

Returns `true` if `List1` is a prefix of `List2`, otherwise `false`.

reverse(List1)

Returns a list with the elements in `List1` in reverse order.

reverse(List1, Tail)

Returns a list with the elements in `List1` in reverse order, with tail `Tail` appended.

search(Pred, List)

If there is a `Value` in `List` such that `Pred(Value)` returns `true`, returns `{value, Value}` for the first such `Value`, otherwise returns `false`. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

seq(From, To)

Equivalent to `seq(From, To, 1)`.

seq(From, To, Incr)

Returns a sequence of integers that starts with `From` and contains the successive results of adding `Incr` to the previous element, until `To` is reached or passed (in the latter case, `To` is not an element of the sequence). `Incr` defaults to 1.

sort(List1)

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1`.

sort(Fun, List1)

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1`, according to the ordering function `Fun`. `Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering, otherwise `false`.

split(N, List1)

Splits `List1` into `List2` and `List3`. `List2` contains the first `N` elements and `List3` the remaining elements (the `N`th tail).

splitwith(Pred, List)

Partitions `List` into two lists according to `Pred`. `splitwith/2` behaves as if it is defined as follows

sublist(List1, Len)

Returns the sublist of `List1` starting at position 1 and with (maximum) `Len` elements. It is not an error for `Len` to exceed the length of the list, in that case the whole list is returned.

sublist(List1, Start, Len)

Returns the sublist of `List1` starting at `Start` and with (maximum) `Len` elements. It is not an error for `Start+Len` to exceed the length of the list.

subtract(List1, List2)

Returns a new list `List3` that is a copy of `List1`, subjected to the following procedure: for each element in `List2`, its first occurrence in `List1` is deleted.

suffix(List1, List2)

Returns `true` if `List1` is a suffix of `List2`, otherwise `false`.

sum(List)

Returns the sum of the elements in `List`.

takewhile(Pred, List1)

Takes elements `Elem` from `List1` while `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, that is, the function returns the longest prefix of the list for which all elements satisfy the predicate. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

ukeymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `TupleList1` and `TupleList2`. The merge is performed on the `N`th element of each tuple. Both `TupleList1` and `TupleList2` must be key-sorted without duplicates before evaluating this function.

ukeysort(N, TupleList1)

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of list `TupleList1` where all except the first tuple of the tuples comparing equal have been deleted. Sorting is performed on the `N`th element of the tuples.

umerge3(List1, List2, List3)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2`, and `List3`. All of `List1`, `List2`, and `List3` must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

umerge(ListOfLists)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sublists of `ListOfLists`. All sublists must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

umerge(List1, List2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

umerge(Fun, List1, List2)

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted according to the ordering function `Fun` and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

uniq(List1)

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` with duplicated elements removed (preserving the order of the elements). The first occurrence of each element is kept.

uniq(Fun, List1)

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` without the elements for which `Fun` returned duplicate values (preserving the order of the elements). The first occurrence of each element is kept.

unzip3(List1)

"Unzips" a list of three-tuples into three lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, the second list contains the second element of each tuple, and the third list contains the third element of each tuple.

unzip(List1)

"Unzips" a list of two-tuples into two lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, and the second list contains the second element of each tuple.

usort(List1)

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1` where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal have been deleted.

usort(Fun, List1)

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1` where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal according to the ordering function `Fun` have been deleted. `Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering, otherwise `false`.

zip3(List1, List2, List3)

Equivalent to `zip3(List1, List2, List3, fail)`.

zip3(List1, List2, List3, How)

"Zips" three lists into one list of three-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list, the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list, and the third element is taken from the corresponding element in the third list.

zip(List1, List2)

Equivalent to `zip(List1, List2, fail)`.

zip(List1, List2, How)

"Zips" two lists into one list of two-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list and the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list.

zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3)

Equivalent to `zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, fail)`.

zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, How)

Combines the elements of three lists into one list. For each triple `X, Y, Z` of list elements from the three lists, the element in the result list is `Combine(X, Y, Z)`.

zipwith(Combine, List1, List2)

Equivalent to `zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, fail)`.

zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, How)

Combines the elements of two lists into one list. For each pair `X, Y` of list elements from the two lists, the element in the result list is `Combine(X, Y)`.

# Functions

Link to this function

# all(Pred, List)

View Source

    -spec all(Pred, List) -> boolean() when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` for all elements `Elem` in `List`, otherwise `false`. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

Link to this function

# any(Pred, List)

View Source

    -spec any(Pred, List) -> boolean() when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` for at least one element `Elem` in `List`. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

Link to this function

# append(ListOfLists)

View Source

    -spec append(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list in which all the sublists of `ListOfLists` have been appended.

Example:

    > lists:append([[1, 2, 3], [a, b], [4, 5, 6]]).
    [1,2,3,a,b,4,5,6]

Link to this function

# append(List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec append(List1, List2) -> List3 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a new list `List3`, which is made from the elements of `List1` followed by the elements of `List2`.

Example:

    > lists:append("abc", "def").
    "abcdef"

`lists:append(A, B)` is equivalent to `A ++ B`.

Link to this function

# concat(Things)

View Source

    -spec concat(Things) -> string()
                    when Things :: [Thing], Thing :: atom() | integer() | float() | string().

Concatenates the text representation of the elements of `Things`. The elements of `Things` can be atoms, integers, floats, or strings.

Example:

    > lists:concat([doc, '/', file, '.', 3]).
    "doc/file.3"

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# delete(Elem, List1)

View Source

    -spec delete(Elem, List1) -> List2 when Elem :: T, List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a copy of `List1` where the first element matching `Elem` is deleted, if there is such an element.

Link to this function

# droplast(List)

View Source (since OTP 17.0)

    -spec droplast(List) -> InitList when List :: [T, ...], InitList :: [T], T :: term().

Drops the last element of a `List`. The list is to be non-empty, otherwise the function crashes with a `function_clause`.

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# dropwhile(Pred, List1)

View Source

    -spec dropwhile(Pred, List1) -> List2
                       when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Drops elements `Elem` from `List1` while `Pred(Elem)` returns `true` and returns the remaining list. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

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# duplicate(N, Elem)

View Source

    -spec duplicate(N, Elem) -> List when N :: non_neg_integer(), Elem :: T, List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing `N` copies of term `Elem`.

Example:

    > lists:duplicate(5, xx).
    [xx,xx,xx,xx,xx]

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# enumerate(List1)

View Source (since OTP 25.0)

    -spec enumerate(List1) -> List2
                       when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [{Index, T}], Index :: integer(), T :: term().

Equivalent to `enumerate(1, 1, List1)`.

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# enumerate(Index, List1)

View Source (since OTP 25.0)

    -spec enumerate(Index, List1) -> List2
                       when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [{Index, T}], Index :: integer(), T :: term().

Equivalent to `enumerate(Index, 1, List1)`.

Link to this function

# enumerate(Index, Step, List1)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)

    -spec enumerate(Index, Step, List1) -> List2
                       when
                           List1 :: [T],
                           List2 :: [{Index, T}],
                           Index :: integer(),
                           Step :: integer(),
                           T :: term().

Returns `List1` with each element `H` replaced by a tuple of form `{I, H}` where `I` is the position of `H` in `List1`. The enumeration starts with `Index` and increases by `Step` in each step.

That is, `enumerate/3` behaves as if it had been defined as follows:

    enumerate(I, S, List) ->
      {List1, _ } = lists:mapfoldl(fun(T, Acc) -> {{Acc, T}, Acc+S} end, I, List),
      List1.

The default values for `Index` and `Step` are both `1`.

Examples:

    > lists:enumerate([a,b,c]).
    [{1,a},{2,b},{3,c}]

    > lists:enumerate(10, [a,b,c]).
    [{10,a},{11,b},{12,c}]

    > lists:enumerate(0, -2, [a,b,c]).
    [{0,a},{-2,b},{-4,c}]

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# filter(Pred, List1)

View Source

    -spec filter(Pred, List1) -> List2
                    when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

`List2` is a list of all elements `Elem` in `List1` for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

Link to this function

# filtermap(Fun, List1)

View Source (since OTP R16B01)

    -spec filtermap(Fun, List1) -> List2
                       when
                           Fun :: fun((Elem) -> boolean() | {true, Value}),
                           List1 :: [Elem],
                           List2 :: [Elem | Value],
                           Elem :: term(),
                           Value :: term().

Calls `Fun(Elem)` on successive elements `Elem` of `List1` in order to update or remove elements from `List1`.

`Fun/1` must return either a Boolean or a tuple `{true, Value}`. The function returns the list of elements for which `Fun` returns a new value, where a value of `true` is synonymous with `{true, Elem}`.

That is, `filtermap` behaves as if it had been defined as follows:

    filtermap(Fun, List1) ->
        lists:foldr(fun(Elem, Acc) ->
                           case Fun(Elem) of
                               false -> Acc;
                               true -> [Elem|Acc];
                               {true,Value} -> [Value|Acc]
                           end
                    end, [], List1).

Example:

    > lists:filtermap(fun(X) -> case X rem 2 of 0 -> {true, X div 2}; _ -> false end end, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    [1,2]

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# flatlength(DeepList)

View Source

    -spec flatlength(DeepList) -> non_neg_integer() when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList].

Equivalent to `length(flatten(DeepList))`, but more efficient.

Link to this function

# flatmap(Fun, List1)

View Source

    -spec flatmap(Fun, List1) -> List2
                     when Fun :: fun((A) -> [B]), List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

Takes a function from `A`s to lists of `B`s, and a list of `A`s (`List1`) and produces a list of `B`s by applying the function to every element in `List1` and appending the resulting lists.

That is, `flatmap` behaves as if it had been defined as follows:

    flatmap(Fun, List1) ->
        append(map(Fun, List1)).

Example:

    > lists:flatmap(fun(X)->[X,X] end, [a,b,c]).
    [a,a,b,b,c,c]

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# flatten(DeepList)

View Source

    -spec flatten(DeepList) -> List when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList], List :: [term()].

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList`.

Link to this function

# flatten(DeepList, Tail)

View Source

    -spec flatten(DeepList, Tail) -> List
                     when DeepList :: [term() | DeepList], Tail :: [term()], List :: [term()].

Returns a flattened version of `DeepList` with tail `Tail` appended.

Link to this function

# foldl(Fun, Acc0, List)

View Source

    -spec foldl(Fun, Acc0, List) -> Acc1
                   when
                       Fun :: fun((Elem :: T, AccIn) -> AccOut),
                       Acc0 :: term(),
                       Acc1 :: term(),
                       AccIn :: term(),
                       AccOut :: term(),
                       List :: [T],
                       T :: term().

Calls `Fun(Elem, AccIn)` on successive elements `A` of `List`, starting with `AccIn == Acc0`. `Fun/2` must return a new accumulator, which is passed to the next call. The function returns the final value of the accumulator. `Acc0` is returned if the list is empty.

Example:

    > lists:foldl(fun(X, Sum) -> X + Sum end, 0, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    15
    > lists:foldl(fun(X, Prod) -> X * Prod end, 1, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    120

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# foldr(Fun, Acc0, List)

View Source

    -spec foldr(Fun, Acc0, List) -> Acc1
                   when
                       Fun :: fun((Elem :: T, AccIn) -> AccOut),
                       Acc0 :: term(),
                       Acc1 :: term(),
                       AccIn :: term(),
                       AccOut :: term(),
                       List :: [T],
                       T :: term().

Like `foldl/3`, but the list is traversed from right to left.

Example:

    > P = fun(A, AccIn) -> io:format("~p ", [A]), AccIn end.
    #Fun<erl_eval.12.2225172>
    > lists:foldl(P, void, [1,2,3]).
    1 2 3 void
    > lists:foldr(P, void, [1,2,3]).
    3 2 1 void

`foldl/3` is tail recursive and is usually preferred to `foldr/3`.

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# foreach(Fun, List)

View Source

    -spec foreach(Fun, List) -> ok when Fun :: fun((Elem :: T) -> term()), List :: [T], T :: term().

Calls `Fun(Elem)` for each element `Elem` in `List`. This function is used for its side effects and the evaluation order is defined to be the same as the order of the elements in the list.

Link to this function

# join(Sep, List1)

View Source (since OTP 19.0)

    -spec join(Sep, List1) -> List2 when Sep :: T, List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Inserts `Sep` between each element in `List1`. Has no effect on the empty list and on a singleton list. For example:

    > lists:join(x, [a,b,c]).
    [a,x,b,x,c]
    > lists:join(x, [a]).
    [a]
    > lists:join(x, []).
    []

Link to this function

# keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1)

View Source

    -spec keydelete(Key, N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                       when
                           Key :: term(),
                           N :: pos_integer(),
                           TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                           TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                           Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is deleted, if there is such a tuple.

Link to this function

# keyfind(Key, N, TupleList)

View Source

    -spec keyfind(Key, N, TupleList) -> Tuple | false
                     when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`. Returns `Tuple` if such a tuple is found, otherwise `false`.

Link to this function

# keymap(Fun, N, TupleList1)

View Source

    -spec keymap(Fun, N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                    when
                        Fun :: fun((Term1 :: term()) -> Term2 :: term()),
                        N :: pos_integer(),
                        TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                        TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                        Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a list of tuples where, for each tuple in `TupleList1`, the `N`th element `Term1` of the tuple has been replaced with the result of calling `Fun(Term1)`.

Examples:

    > Fun = fun(Atom) -> atom_to_list(Atom) end.
    #Fun<erl_eval.6.10732646>
    2> lists:keymap(Fun, 2, [{name,jane,22},{name,lizzie,20},{name,lydia,15}]).
    [{name,"jane",22},{name,"lizzie",20},{name,"lydia",15}]

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# keymember(Key, N, TupleList)

View Source

    -spec keymember(Key, N, TupleList) -> boolean()
                       when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns `true` if there is a tuple in `TupleList` whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`, otherwise `false`.

Link to this function

# keymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

View Source

    -spec keymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2) -> TupleList3
                      when
                          N :: pos_integer(),
                          TupleList1 :: [T1],
                          TupleList2 :: [T2],
                          TupleList3 :: [T1 | T2],
                          T1 :: Tuple,
                          T2 :: Tuple,
                          Tuple :: tuple().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `TupleList1` and `TupleList2`.

The merge is performed on the `N`th element of each tuple. Both `TupleList1` and `TupleList2` must be key-sorted before evaluating this function. When two tuples compare equal, the tuple from `TupleList1` is picked before the tuple from `TupleList2`.

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# keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

View Source

    -spec keyreplace(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple) -> TupleList2
                        when
                            Key :: term(),
                            N :: pos_integer(),
                            TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                            TupleList2 :: [Tuple],
                            NewTuple :: Tuple,
                            Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a `T` tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is replaced with `NewTuple`, if there is such a tuple `T`.

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# keysearch(Key, N, TupleList)

View Source

    -spec keysearch(Key, N, TupleList) -> {value, Tuple} | false
                       when Key :: term(), N :: pos_integer(), TupleList :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`. Returns `{value, Tuple}` if such a tuple is found, otherwise `false`.

> #### Note

> This function is retained for backward compatibility. Function `keyfind/3` is usually more convenient.

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# keysort(N, TupleList1)

View Source

    -spec keysort(N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                     when N :: pos_integer(), TupleList1 :: [Tuple], TupleList2 :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of list `TupleList1`. Sorting is performed on the `N`th element of the tuples. The sort is stable.

Link to this function

# keystore(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple)

View Source

    -spec keystore(Key, N, TupleList1, NewTuple) -> TupleList2
                      when
                          Key :: term(),
                          N :: pos_integer(),
                          TupleList1 :: [Tuple],
                          TupleList2 :: [Tuple, ...],
                          NewTuple :: Tuple,
                          Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of a tuple `T` whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key` is replaced with `NewTuple`, if there is such a tuple `T`. If there is no such tuple `T`, a copy of `TupleList1` where [`NewTuple`] has been appended to the end is returned.

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# keytake(Key, N, TupleList1)

View Source

    -spec keytake(Key, N, TupleList1) -> {value, Tuple, TupleList2} | false
                     when
                         Key :: term(),
                         N :: pos_integer(),
                         TupleList1 :: [tuple()],
                         TupleList2 :: [tuple()],
                         Tuple :: tuple().

Searches the list of tuples `TupleList1` for a tuple whose `N`th element compares equal to `Key`. Returns `{value, Tuple, TupleList2}` if such a tuple is found, otherwise `false`. `TupleList2` is a copy of `TupleList1` where the first occurrence of `Tuple` has been removed.

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# last(List)

View Source

    -spec last(List) -> Last when List :: [T, ...], Last :: T, T :: term().

Returns the last element in `List`.

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# map(Fun, List1)

View Source

    -spec map(Fun, List1) -> List2
                 when Fun :: fun((A) -> B), List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

Takes a function from `A`s to `B`s, and a list of `A`s and produces a list of `B`s by applying the function to every element in the list. This function is used to obtain the return values. The evaluation order depends on the implementation.

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# mapfoldl(Fun, Acc0, List1)

View Source

    -spec mapfoldl(Fun, Acc0, List1) -> {List2, Acc1}
                      when
                          Fun :: fun((A, AccIn) -> {B, AccOut}),
                          Acc0 :: term(),
                          Acc1 :: term(),
                          AccIn :: term(),
                          AccOut :: term(),
                          List1 :: [A],
                          List2 :: [B],
                          A :: term(),
                          B :: term().

Combines the operations of `map/2` and `foldl/3` into one pass.

Example:

Summing the elements in a list and double them at the same time:

    > lists:mapfoldl(fun(X, Sum) -> {2*X, X+Sum} end,
    0, [1,2,3,4,5]).
    {[2,4,6,8,10],15}

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# mapfoldr(Fun, Acc0, List1)

View Source

    -spec mapfoldr(Fun, Acc0, List1) -> {List2, Acc1}
                      when
                          Fun :: fun((A, AccIn) -> {B, AccOut}),
                          Acc0 :: term(),
                          Acc1 :: term(),
                          AccIn :: term(),
                          AccOut :: term(),
                          List1 :: [A],
                          List2 :: [B],
                          A :: term(),
                          B :: term().

Combines the operations of `map/2` and `foldr/3` into one pass.

Link to this function

# max(List)

View Source

    -spec max(List) -> Max when List :: [T, ...], Max :: T, T :: term().

Returns the first element of `List` that compares greater than or equal to all other elements of `List`.

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# member(Elem, List)

View Source

    -spec member(Elem, List) -> boolean() when Elem :: T, List :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `Elem` matches some element of `List`, otherwise `false`.

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# merge3(List1, List2, List3)

View Source

    -spec merge3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                    when
                        List1 :: [X],
                        List2 :: [Y],
                        List3 :: [Z],
                        List4 :: [X | Y | Z],
                        X :: term(),
                        Y :: term(),
                        Z :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2`, and `List3`. All of `List1`, `List2`, and `List3` must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1`, if there is such an element, is picked before the other element, otherwise the element from `List2` is picked before the element from `List3`.

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# merge(ListOfLists)

View Source

    -spec merge(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sublists of `ListOfLists`. All sublists must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from the sublist with the lowest position in `ListOfLists` is picked before the other element.

Link to this function

# merge(List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec merge(List1, List2) -> List3
                   when List1 :: [X], List2 :: [Y], List3 :: [X | Y], X :: term(), Y :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked before the element from `List2`.

Link to this function

# merge(Fun, List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec merge(Fun, List1, List2) -> List3
                   when
                       Fun :: fun((A, B) -> boolean()),
                       List1 :: [A],
                       List2 :: [B],
                       List3 :: [A | B],
                       A :: term(),
                       B :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted according to the ordering function `Fun` before evaluating this function.

`Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering, otherwise `false`. When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked before the element from `List2`.

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# min(List)

View Source

    -spec min(List) -> Min when List :: [T, ...], Min :: T, T :: term().

Returns the first element of `List` that compares less than or equal to all other elements of `List`.

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# nth(N, List)

View Source

    -spec nth(N, List) -> Elem when N :: pos_integer(), List :: [T, ...], Elem :: T, T :: term().

Returns the `N`th element of `List`.

Example:

    > lists:nth(3, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    c

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# nthtail(N, List)

View Source

    -spec nthtail(N, List) -> Tail when N :: non_neg_integer(), List :: [T, ...], Tail :: [T], T :: term().

Returns the `N`th tail of `List`, that is, the sublist of `List` starting at `N+1` and continuing up to the end of the list.

Example

    > lists:nthtail(3, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    [d,e]
    > tl(tl(tl([a, b, c, d, e]))).
    [d,e]
    > lists:nthtail(0, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    [a,b,c,d,e]
    > lists:nthtail(5, [a, b, c, d, e]).
    []

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# partition(Pred, List)

View Source

    -spec partition(Pred, List) -> {Satisfying, NotSatisfying}
                       when
                           Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()),
                           List :: [T],
                           Satisfying :: [T],
                           NotSatisfying :: [T],
                           T :: term().

Partitions `List` into two lists, where the first list contains all elements for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, and the second list contains all elements for which `Pred(Elem)` returns `false`.

Examples:

    > lists:partition(fun(A) -> A rem 2 == 1 end, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
    {[1,3,5,7],[2,4,6]}
    > lists:partition(fun(A) -> is_atom(A) end, [a,b,1,c,d,2,3,4,e]).
    {[a,b,c,d,e],[1,2,3,4]}

For a different way to partition a list, see `splitwith/2`.

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# prefix(List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec prefix(List1, List2) -> boolean() when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `List1` is a prefix of `List2`, otherwise `false`.

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# reverse(List1)

View Source

    -spec reverse(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list with the elements in `List1` in reverse order.

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# reverse(List1, Tail)

View Source

    -spec reverse(List1, Tail) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], Tail :: term(), List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list with the elements in `List1` in reverse order, with tail `Tail` appended.

Example:

    > lists:reverse([1, 2, 3, 4], [a, b, c]).
    [4,3,2,1,a,b,c]

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# search(Pred, List)

View Source (since OTP 21.0)

    -spec search(Pred, List) -> {value, Value} | false
                    when Pred :: fun((T) -> boolean()), List :: [T], Value :: T.

If there is a `Value` in `List` such that `Pred(Value)` returns `true`, returns `{value, Value}` for the first such `Value`, otherwise returns `false`. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

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# seq(From, To)

View Source

    -spec seq(From, To) -> Seq when From :: integer(), To :: integer(), Seq :: [integer()].

Equivalent to `seq(From, To, 1)`.

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# seq(From, To, Incr)

View Source

    -spec seq(From, To, Incr) -> Seq
                 when From :: integer(), To :: integer(), Incr :: integer(), Seq :: [integer()].

Returns a sequence of integers that starts with `From` and contains the successive results of adding `Incr` to the previous element, until `To` is reached or passed (in the latter case, `To` is not an element of the sequence). `Incr` defaults to 1.

Failures:

- If `To < From - Incr` and `Incr > 0`.
- If `To > From - Incr` and `Incr < 0`.
- If `Incr =:= 0` and `From =/= To`.

The following equalities hold for all sequences:

    length(lists:seq(From, To)) =:= To - From + 1
    length(lists:seq(From, To, Incr)) =:= (To - From + Incr) div Incr

Examples:

    > lists:seq(1, 10).
    [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
    > lists:seq(1, 20, 3).
    [1,4,7,10,13,16,19]
    > lists:seq(1, 0, 1).
    []
    > lists:seq(10, 6, 4).
    []
    > lists:seq(1, 1, 0).
    [1]

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# sort(List1)

View Source

    -spec sort(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1`.

Link to this function

# sort(Fun, List1)

View Source

    -spec sort(Fun, List1) -> List2
                  when Fun :: fun((A :: T, B :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1`, according to the ordering function `Fun`. `Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering, otherwise `false`.

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# split(N, List1)

View Source

    -spec split(N, List1) -> {List2, List3}
                   when N :: non_neg_integer(), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Splits `List1` into `List2` and `List3`. `List2` contains the first `N` elements and `List3` the remaining elements (the `N`th tail).

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# splitwith(Pred, List)

View Source

    -spec splitwith(Pred, List) -> {List1, List2}
                       when
                           Pred :: fun((T) -> boolean()),
                           List :: [T],
                           List1 :: [T],
                           List2 :: [T],
                           T :: term().

Partitions `List` into two lists according to `Pred`. `splitwith/2` behaves as if it is defined as follows:

    splitwith(Pred, List) ->
        {takewhile(Pred, List), dropwhile(Pred, List)}.

Examples:

    > lists:splitwith(fun(A) -> A rem 2 == 1 end, [1,2,3,4,5,6,7]).
    {[1],[2,3,4,5,6,7]}
    > lists:splitwith(fun(A) -> is_atom(A) end, [a,b,1,c,d,2,3,4,e]).
    {[a,b],[1,c,d,2,3,4,e]}

The `Pred` function must return a boolean. For a different way to partition a list, see `partition/2`.

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# sublist(List1, Len)

View Source

    -spec sublist(List1, Len) -> List2
                     when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], Len :: non_neg_integer(), T :: term().

Returns the sublist of `List1` starting at position 1 and with (maximum) `Len` elements. It is not an error for `Len` to exceed the length of the list, in that case the whole list is returned.

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# sublist(List1, Start, Len)

View Source

    -spec sublist(List1, Start, Len) -> List2
                     when
                         List1 :: [T],
                         List2 :: [T],
                         Start :: pos_integer(),
                         Len :: non_neg_integer(),
                         T :: term().

Returns the sublist of `List1` starting at `Start` and with (maximum) `Len` elements. It is not an error for `Start+Len` to exceed the length of the list.

Examples:

    > lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 2, 2).
    [2,3]
    > lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 2, 5).
    [2,3,4]
    > lists:sublist([1,2,3,4], 5, 2).
    []

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# subtract(List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec subtract(List1, List2) -> List3 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], List3 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a new list `List3` that is a copy of `List1`, subjected to the following procedure: for each element in `List2`, its first occurrence in `List1` is deleted.

Example:

    > lists:subtract("123212", "212").
    "312".

`lists:subtract(A, B)` is equivalent to `A -- B`.

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# suffix(List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec suffix(List1, List2) -> boolean() when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns `true` if `List1` is a suffix of `List2`, otherwise `false`.

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# sum(List)

View Source

    -spec sum(List) -> number() when List :: [number()].

Returns the sum of the elements in `List`.

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# takewhile(Pred, List1)

View Source

    -spec takewhile(Pred, List1) -> List2
                       when Pred :: fun((Elem :: T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Takes elements `Elem` from `List1` while `Pred(Elem)` returns `true`, that is, the function returns the longest prefix of the list for which all elements satisfy the predicate. The `Pred` function must return a boolean.

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# ukeymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2)

View Source

    -spec ukeymerge(N, TupleList1, TupleList2) -> TupleList3
                       when
                           N :: pos_integer(),
                           TupleList1 :: [T1],
                           TupleList2 :: [T2],
                           TupleList3 :: [T1 | T2],
                           T1 :: Tuple,
                           T2 :: Tuple,
                           Tuple :: tuple().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `TupleList1` and `TupleList2`. The merge is performed on the `N`th element of each tuple. Both `TupleList1` and `TupleList2` must be key-sorted without duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two tuples compare equal, the tuple from `TupleList1` is picked and the one from `TupleList2` is deleted.

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# ukeysort(N, TupleList1)

View Source

    -spec ukeysort(N, TupleList1) -> TupleList2
                      when
                          N :: pos_integer(), TupleList1 :: [Tuple], TupleList2 :: [Tuple], Tuple :: tuple().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of list `TupleList1` where all except the first tuple of the tuples comparing equal have been deleted. Sorting is performed on the `N`th element of the tuples.

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# umerge3(List1, List2, List3)

View Source

    -spec umerge3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                     when
                         List1 :: [X],
                         List2 :: [Y],
                         List3 :: [Z],
                         List4 :: [X | Y | Z],
                         X :: term(),
                         Y :: term(),
                         Z :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1`, `List2`, and `List3`. All of `List1`, `List2`, and `List3` must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked if there is such an element, otherwise the element from `List2` is picked, and the other is deleted.

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# umerge(ListOfLists)

View Source

    -spec umerge(ListOfLists) -> List1 when ListOfLists :: [List], List :: [T], List1 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging all the sublists of `ListOfLists`. All sublists must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from the sublist with the lowest position in `ListOfLists` is picked and the other is deleted.

Link to this function

# umerge(List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec umerge(List1, List2) -> List3
                    when List1 :: [X], List2 :: [Y], List3 :: [X | Y], X :: term(), Y :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked and the one from `List2` is deleted.

Link to this function

# umerge(Fun, List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec umerge(Fun, List1, List2) -> List3
                    when
                        Fun :: fun((A, B) -> boolean()),
                        List1 :: [A],
                        List2 :: [B],
                        List3 :: [A | B],
                        A :: term(),
                        B :: term().

Returns the sorted list formed by merging `List1` and `List2`. Both `List1` and `List2` must be sorted according to the ordering function `Fun` and contain no duplicates before evaluating this function.

`Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering, otherwise `false`. When two elements compare equal, the element from `List1` is picked and the one from `List2` is deleted.

Link to this function

# uniq(List1)

View Source (since OTP 25.0)

    -spec uniq(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` with duplicated elements removed (preserving the order of the elements). The first occurrence of each element is kept.

Examples:

    > lists:uniq([3,3,1,2,1,2,3]).
    [3,1,2]
    > lists:uniq([a, a, 1, b, 2, a, 3]).
    [a, 1, b, 2, 3]

Link to this function

# uniq(Fun, List1)

View Source (since OTP 25.0)

    -spec uniq(Fun, List1) -> List2 when Fun :: fun((T) -> any()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the elements of `List1` without the elements for which `Fun` returned duplicate values (preserving the order of the elements). The first occurrence of each element is kept.

Examples:

    > lists:uniq(fun({X, _}) -> X end, [{b, 2}, {a, 1}, {c, 3}, {a, 2}]).
    [{b, 2}, {a, 1}, {c, 3}]

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# unzip3(List1)

View Source

    -spec unzip3(List1) -> {List2, List3, List4}
                    when
                        List1 :: [{A, B, C}],
                        List2 :: [A],
                        List3 :: [B],
                        List4 :: [C],
                        A :: term(),
                        B :: term(),
                        C :: term().

"Unzips" a list of three-tuples into three lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, the second list contains the second element of each tuple, and the third list contains the third element of each tuple.

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# unzip(List1)

View Source

    -spec unzip(List1) -> {List2, List3}
                   when List1 :: [{A, B}], List2 :: [A], List3 :: [B], A :: term(), B :: term().

"Unzips" a list of two-tuples into two lists, where the first list contains the first element of each tuple, and the second list contains the second element of each tuple.

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# usort(List1)

View Source

    -spec usort(List1) -> List2 when List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1` where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal have been deleted.

Link to this function

# usort(Fun, List1)

View Source

    -spec usort(Fun, List1) -> List2
                   when Fun :: fun((T, T) -> boolean()), List1 :: [T], List2 :: [T], T :: term().

Returns a list containing the sorted elements of `List1` where all except the first element of the elements comparing equal according to the ordering function `Fun` have been deleted. `Fun(A, B)` is to return `true` if `A` compares less than or equal to `B` in the ordering, otherwise `false`.

Link to this function

# zip3(List1, List2, List3)

View Source

    -spec zip3(List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                  when
                      List1 :: [A],
                      List2 :: [B],
                      List3 :: [C],
                      List4 :: [{A, B, C}],
                      A :: term(),
                      B :: term(),
                      C :: term().

Equivalent to `zip3(List1, List2, List3, fail)`.

Link to this function

# zip3(List1, List2, List3, How)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)

    -spec zip3(List1, List2, List3, How) -> List4
                  when
                      List1 :: [A],
                      List2 :: [B],
                      List3 :: [C],
                      List4 :: [{A | DefaultA, B | DefaultB, C | DefaultC}],
                      A :: term(),
                      B :: term(),
                      C :: term(),
                      How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultA, DefaultB, DefaultC}},
                      DefaultA :: term(),
                      DefaultB :: term(),
                      DefaultC :: term().

"Zips" three lists into one list of three-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list, the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list, and the third element is taken from the corresponding element in the third list.

For a description of the `How` parameter, see `zip/3`.

Link to this function

# zip(List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec zip(List1, List2) -> List3
                 when List1 :: [A], List2 :: [B], List3 :: [{A, B}], A :: term(), B :: term().

Equivalent to `zip(List1, List2, fail)`.

Link to this function

# zip(List1, List2, How)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)

    -spec zip(List1, List2, How) -> List3
                 when
                     List1 :: [A],
                     List2 :: [B],
                     List3 :: [{A | DefaultA, B | DefaultB}],
                     A :: term(),
                     B :: term(),
                     How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultA, DefaultB}},
                     DefaultA :: term(),
                     DefaultB :: term().

"Zips" two lists into one list of two-tuples, where the first element of each tuple is taken from the first list and the second element is taken from the corresponding element in the second list.

The `How` parameter specifies the behavior if the given lists are of different lengths.

- `fail` - The call will fail if the given lists are not of equal length. This is the default.

- `trim` - Surplus elements from the longer list will be ignored.

  Examples:

      > lists:zip([a, b], [1, 2, 3], trim).
      [{a,1},{b,2}]
      > lists:zip([a, b, c], [1, 2], trim).
      [{a,1},{b,2}]

- `{pad, Defaults}` - The shorter list will be padded to the length of the longer list, using the respective elements from the given `Defaults` tuple.

  Examples:

      > lists:zip([a, b], [1, 2, 3], {pad, {x, 0}}).
      [{a,1},{b,2},{x,3}]
      > lists:zip([a, b, c], [1, 2], {pad, {x, 0}}).
      [{a,1},{b,2},{c,0}]

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# zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3)

View Source

    -spec zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3) -> List4
                      when
                          Combine :: fun((X, Y, Z) -> T),
                          List1 :: [X],
                          List2 :: [Y],
                          List3 :: [Z],
                          List4 :: [T],
                          X :: term(),
                          Y :: term(),
                          Z :: term(),
                          T :: term().

Equivalent to `zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, fail)`.

Link to this function

# zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, How)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)

    -spec zipwith3(Combine, List1, List2, List3, How) -> List4
                      when
                          Combine :: fun((X | DefaultX, Y | DefaultY, Z | DefaultZ) -> T),
                          List1 :: [X],
                          List2 :: [Y],
                          List3 :: [Z],
                          List4 :: [T],
                          X :: term(),
                          Y :: term(),
                          Z :: term(),
                          How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultX, DefaultY, DefaultZ}},
                          DefaultX :: term(),
                          DefaultY :: term(),
                          DefaultZ :: term(),
                          T :: term().

Combines the elements of three lists into one list. For each triple `X, Y, Z` of list elements from the three lists, the element in the result list is `Combine(X, Y, Z)`.

For a description of the `How` parameter, see `zip/3`.

`zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> {X,Y,Z} end, List1, List2, List3)` is equivalent to `zip3(List1, List2, List3)`.

Examples:

    > lists:zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> X+Y+Z end, [1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]).
    [12,15,18]
    > lists:zipwith3(fun(X, Y, Z) -> [X,Y,Z] end, [a,b,c], [x,y,z], [1,2,3]).
    [[a,x,1],[b,y,2],[c,z,3]]

Link to this function

# zipwith(Combine, List1, List2)

View Source

    -spec zipwith(Combine, List1, List2) -> List3
                     when
                         Combine :: fun((X, Y) -> T),
                         List1 :: [X],
                         List2 :: [Y],
                         List3 :: [T],
                         X :: term(),
                         Y :: term(),
                         T :: term().

Equivalent to `zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, fail)`.

Link to this function

# zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, How)

View Source (since OTP 26.0)

    -spec zipwith(Combine, List1, List2, How) -> List3
                     when
                         Combine :: fun((X | DefaultX, Y | DefaultY) -> T),
                         List1 :: [X],
                         List2 :: [Y],
                         List3 :: [T],
                         X :: term(),
                         Y :: term(),
                         How :: fail | trim | {pad, {DefaultX, DefaultY}},
                         DefaultX :: term(),
                         DefaultY :: term(),
                         T :: term().

Combines the elements of two lists into one list. For each pair `X, Y` of list elements from the two lists, the element in the result list is `Combine(X, Y)`.

For a description of the `How` parameter, see `zip/3`.

`zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> {X,Y} end, List1, List2)` is equivalent to `zip(List1, List2)`.

Example:

    > lists:zipwith(fun(X, Y) -> X+Y end, [1,2,3], [4,5,6]).
    [5,7,9]