# 1.3.6. `/{db}/_find`

POST /{db}/_find

  Find documents using a declarative JSON querying syntax. Queries will use custom indexes, specified using the _index endpoint, if available. Otherwise, when allowed, they use the built-in _all_docs index, which can be arbitrarily slow.

  Parameters:

    - db – Database name

  Request Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

  Request JSON Object:

    - selector (object) – JSON object describing criteria used to select documents. More information provided in the section on selector syntax. Required

    - limit (number) – Maximum number of results returned. Default is `25`. Optional

    - skip (number) – Skip the first ‘n’ results, where ‘n’ is the value specified. Optional

    - sort (array) – JSON array following sort syntax. Optional

    - fields (array) – JSON array specifying which fields of each object should be returned. If it is omitted, the entire object is returned. More information provided in the section on filtering fields. Optional

    - use_index (string|array) – Request a query to use a specific index. Specified either as `"<design_document>"` or `["<design_document>", "<index_name>"]`. It is not guaranteed that the index will be actually used because if the index is not valid for the selector, fallback to a valid index is attempted. Therefore that is more like a hint. When fallback occurs, the details are given in the `warning` field of the response. Optional

    - allow_fallback (boolean) – Tell if it is allowed to fall back to another valid index. This can happen on running a query with an index specified by `use_index` which is not deemed usable, or when only the built-in _all_docs index would be picked in lack of indexes available to support the query. Disabling this fallback logic causes the endpoint immediately return an error in such cases. Default is `true`. Optional

    - conflicts (boolean) – Include conflicted documents if `true`. Intended use is to easily find conflicted documents, without an index or view. Default is `false`. Optional

    - r (number) – Read quorum needed for the result. This defaults to 1, in which case the document found in the index is returned. If set to a higher value, each document is read from at least that many replicas before it is returned in the results. This is likely to take more time than using only the document stored locally with the index. Optional, default: 1

    - bookmark (string) – A string that enables you to specify which page of results you require. Used for paging through result sets. Every query returns an opaque string under the `bookmark` key that can then be passed back in a query to get the next page of results. If any part of the selector query changes between requests, the results are undefined. Optional, default: null

    - update (boolean) – Whether to update the index prior to returning the result. Default is `true`. Optional

    - stable (boolean) – Whether or not the view results should be returned from a “stable” set of shards. Optional

    - stale (string) – Combination of `update=false` and `stable=true` options. Possible options: `"ok"`, `false` (default). Optional Note that this parameter is deprecated. Use `stable` and `update` instead. See Views Generation for more details.

    - execution_stats (boolean) – Include execution statistics in the query response. Optional, default: `false`

  Response Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

    - Transfer-Encoding – `chunked`

  Response JSON Object:

    - docs (object) – Array of documents matching the search. In each matching document, the fields specified in the `fields` part of the request body are listed, along with their values.

    - warning (string) – Execution warnings

    - execution_stats (object) – Execution statistics

    - bookmark (string) – An opaque string used for paging. See the `bookmark` field in the request (above) for usage details.

  Status Codes:

    - 200 OK – Request completed successfully

    - 400 Bad Request – Invalid request

    - 401 Unauthorized – Read permission required

    - 403 Forbidden – Insufficient permissions / Too many requests with invalid credentials

    - 404 Not Found – Requested database not found

    - 500 Internal Server Error – Query execution error

The `limit` and `skip` values are exactly as you would expect. While `skip` exists, it is not intended to be used for paging. The reason is that the `bookmark` feature is more efficient.

> Request:

Example request body for finding documents using an index:

>     POST /movies/_find HTTP/1.1
>     Accept: application/json
>     Content-Type: application/json
>     Content-Length: 168
>     Host: localhost:5984

>     {
>         "selector": {
>             "year": {"$gt": 2010}
>         },
>         "fields": ["_id", "_rev", "year", "title"],
>         "sort": [{"year": "asc"}],
>         "limit": 2,
>         "skip": 0,
>         "execution_stats": true
>     }

> Response:

Example response when finding documents using an index:

>     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
>     Cache-Control: must-revalidate
>     Content-Type: application/json
>     Date: Thu, 01 Sep 2016 15:41:53 GMT
>     Server: CouchDB (Erlang OTP)
>     Transfer-Encoding: chunked

>     {
>         "docs": [
>             {
>                 "_id": "176694",
>                 "_rev": "1-54f8e950cc338d2385d9b0cda2fd918e",
>                 "year": 2011,
>                 "title": "The Tragedy of Man"
>             },
>             {
>                 "_id": "780504",
>                 "_rev": "1-5f14bab1a1e9ac3ebdf85905f47fb084",
>                 "year": 2011,
>                 "title": "Drive"
>             }
>         ],
>         "execution_stats": {
>             "total_keys_examined": 200,
>             "total_docs_examined": 200,
>             "total_quorum_docs_examined": 0,
>             "results_returned": 2,
>             "execution_time_ms": 5.52
>         }
>     }

## 1.3.6.1. Sort Syntax

The `sort` field contains a list of field name and direction pairs, expressed as a basic array. The first field name and direction pair is the topmost level of sort. The second pair, if provided, is the next level of sort.

The field can be any field, using dotted notation if desired for sub-document fields.

The direction value is `"asc"` for ascending, and `"desc"` for descending. If you omit the direction value, the default `"asc"` is used.

Example, sorting by 2 fields:

>     [{"fieldName1": "desc"}, {"fieldName2": "desc"}]

Example, sorting by 2 fields, assuming default direction for both :

>     ["fieldNameA", "fieldNameB"]

A typical requirement is to search for some content using a selector, then to sort the results according to the specified field, in the required direction.

To use sorting, ensure that:

- At least one of the sort fields is included in the selector.

- There is an index already defined, with all the sort fields in the same order.

- Each object in the sort array has a single key.

If an object in the sort array does not have a single key, the resulting sort order is implementation specific and might change.

Find does not support multiple fields with different sort orders, so the directions must be either all ascending or all descending.

For field names in text search sorts, it is sometimes necessary for a field type to be specified, for example:

    {
        "<fieldname>:string": "asc"
    }

If possible, an attempt is made to discover the field type based on the selector. In ambiguous cases the field type must be provided explicitly.

The sorting order is undefined when fields contain different data types. This is an important difference between text and view indexes. Sorting behavior for fields with different data types might change in future versions.

A simple query, using sorting:

    {
        "selector": {"Actor_name": "Robert De Niro"},
        "sort": [{"Actor_name": "asc"}, {"Movie_runtime": "asc"}]
    }

## 1.3.6.2. Filtering Fields

It is possible to specify exactly which fields are returned for a document when selecting from a database. The two advantages are:

- Your results are limited to only those parts of the document that are required for your application.

- A reduction in the size of the response.

The fields returned are specified as an array.

Only the specified filter fields are included, in the response. There is no automatic inclusion of the `_id` or other metadata fields when a field list is included.

Example of selective retrieval of fields from matching documents:

    {
        "selector": { "Actor_name": "Robert De Niro" },
        "fields": ["Actor_name", "Movie_year", "_id", "_rev"]
    }

## 1.3.6.3. Pagination

Mango queries support pagination via the bookmark field. Every `_find` response contains a bookmark - a token that CouchDB uses to determine where to resume from when subsequent queries are made. To get the next set of query results, add the bookmark that was received in the previous response to your next request. Remember to keep the selector the same, otherwise you will receive unexpected results. To paginate backwards, you can use a previous bookmark to return the previous set of results.

Note that the presence of a bookmark does not guarantee that there are more results. You can to test whether you have reached the end of the result set by comparing the number of results returned with the page size requested - if results returned < limit, there are no more.

## 1.3.6.4. Execution Statistics

Find can return basic execution statistics for a specific request. Combined with the _explain endpoint, this should provide some insight as to whether indexes are being used effectively.

The execution statistics currently include:

Field | Description
--- | ---
`total_keys_examined` | Number of index keys examined.
`total_docs_examined` | Number of documents fetched from the database / index, equivalent to using `include_docs=true` in a view. These may then be filtered in-memory to further narrow down the result set based on the selector.
`total_quorum_docs_examined` | Number of documents fetched from the database using an out-of-band document fetch. This is only non-zero when read quorum > 1 is specified in the query parameters.
`results_returned` | Number of results returned from the query. Ideally this should not be significantly lower than the total documents / keys examined.
`execution_time_ms` | Total execution time in milliseconds as measured by the database.

# 1.3.7. `/{db}/_index`

Mango is a declarative JSON querying language for CouchDB databases. Mango wraps several index types, starting with the Primary Index out-of-the-box. Mango indexes, with index type json, are built using MapReduce Views.

POST /{db}/_index

  Create a new index on a database

  Parameters:

    - db – Database name

  Request Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

  Query Parameters:

    - index (object) – JSON object describing the index to create. (Depends on the type of index, see Indexes)

    - ddoc (string) – Name of the design document in which the index will be created. By default, each index will be created in its own design document. Indexes can be grouped into design documents for efficiency. However, a change to one index in a design document will invalidate all other indexes in the same document (similar to views). Optional

    - name (string) – Name of the index. If no name is provided, a name will be generated automatically. Optional

    - type (string) – Can be `"json"`, `"text"` (for clouseau), or `"nouveau"`. Defaults to `"json"`. Text and Nouveau indexes are related to those features, and are only available if those features are installed. Optional

    - partitioned (boolean) – Determines whether a JSON index is partitioned or global. The default value of `partitioned` is the `partitioned` property of the database. To create a global index on a partitioned database, specify `false` for the `"partitioned"` field. If you specify `true` for the `"partitioned"` field on an unpartitioned database, an error occurs.

  Response Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

    - Transfer-Encoding – `chunked`

  Response JSON Object:

    - result (string) – Flag to show whether the index was created or one already exists. Can be `"created"` or `"exists"`.

    - id (string) – Id of the design document the index was created in.

    - name (string) – Name of the index created.

  Status Codes:

    - 200 OK – Index created successfully or already exists

    - 400 Bad Request – Invalid request

    - 401 Unauthorized – Admin permission required

    - 403 Forbidden – Insufficient permissions / Too many requests with invalid credentials

    - 404 Not Found – Database not found

    - 500 Internal Server Error – Execution error

  Example of creating a new index for a field called `foo`:

  Request:

      POST /db/_index HTTP/1.1
      Content-Type: application/json
      Content-Length: 116
      Host: localhost:5984

      {
          "index": {
              "fields": ["foo"]
          },
          "name" : "foo-index",
          "type" : "json"
      }

The returned JSON confirms the index has been created:

> Response:

>     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
>     Cache-Control: must-revalidate
>     Content-Length: 96
>     Content-Type: application/json
>     Date: Thu, 01 Sep 2016 18:17:48 GMT
>     Server: CouchDB (Erlang OTP/18)

>     {
>         "result":"created",
>         "id":"_design/a5f4711fc9448864a13c81dc71e660b524d7410c",
>         "name":"foo-index"
>     }

Example index creation using all available query parameters:

> Request:

>     POST /db/_index HTTP/1.1
>     Content-Type: application/json
>     Content-Length: 396
>     Host: localhost:5984

>     {
>         "index": {
>             "partial_filter_selector": {
>                 "year": {
>                     "$gt": 2010
>                 },
>                 "limit": 10,
>                 "skip": 0
>             },
>             "fields": [
>                 "_id",
>                 "_rev",
>                 "year",
>                 "title"
>             ]
>         },
>         "ddoc": "example-ddoc",
>         "name": "example-index",
>         "type": "json",
>         "partitioned": false
>     }

By default, a JSON index will include all documents that have the indexed fields present, including those which have `null` values.

GET /{db}/_index

  When you make a `GET` request to `/{db}/_index`, you get a list of all indexes in the database. In addition to the information available through this API, indexes are also stored in design documents as views. Design documents are regular documents that have an ID starting with `_design/`. Design documents can be retrieved and modified in the same way as any other document, although this is not necessary when using Mango.

  Parameters:

    - db – Database name.

  Response Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

    - Transfer-Encoding – `chunked`

  Response JSON Object:

    - total_rows (number) – Number of indexes.

    - indexes (array) – Array of index definitions (see Index Definitions).

  Status Codes:

    - 200 OK – Success

    - 400 Bad Request – Invalid request

    - 401 Unauthorized – Read permission required

    - 403 Forbidden – Insufficient permissions / Too many requests with invalid credentials

    - 500 Internal Server Error – Execution error

  Request:

      GET /db/_index HTTP/1.1
      Accept: application/json
      Host: localhost:5984

  Response:

      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Cache-Control: must-revalidate
      Content-Length: 238
      Content-Type: application/json
      Date: Thu, 01 Sep 2016 18:17:48 GMT
      Server: CouchDB (Erlang OTP/18)

      {
          "total_rows": 2,
          "indexes": [
          {
              "ddoc": null,
              "name": "_all_docs",
              "type": "special",
              "def": {
                  "fields": [
                      {
                          "_id": "asc"
                      }
                  ]
              }
          },
          {
              "ddoc": "_design/a5f4711fc9448864a13c81dc71e660b524d7410c",
              "name": "foo-index",
              "partitioned": false,
              "type": "json",
              "def": {
                  "fields": [
                      {
                          "foo": "asc"
                      }
                  ]
              }
          }
        ]
      }

DELETE /{db}/_index/{design_doc}/json/{name}
  Parameters:

    - db – Database name.

    - design_doc – Design document name. The `_design/` prefix is not required.

    - name – Index name.

  Response Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

  Response JSON Object:

    - ok (string) – “true” if successful.

  Status Codes:

    - 200 OK – Success

    - 400 Bad Request – Invalid request

    - 401 Unauthorized – Writer permission required

    - 403 Forbidden – Insufficient permissions / Too many requests with invalid credentials

    - 404 Not Found – Index not found

    - 500 Internal Server Error – Execution error

  Request:

      DELETE /db/_index/_design/a5f4711fc9448864a13c81dc71e660b524d7410c/json/foo-index HTTP/1.1
      Accept: */*
      Host: localhost:5984

  Response:

      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Cache-Control: must-revalidate
      Content-Length: 12
      Content-Type: application/json
      Date: Thu, 01 Sep 2016 19:21:40 GMT
      Server: CouchDB (Erlang OTP/18)

      {
          "ok": true
      }

POST /{db}/_index/_bulk_delete
  Parameters:

    - db – Database name

  Request Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

  Request JSON Object:

    - docids (array) – List of names for indexes to be deleted.

    - w (number) – Write quorum for each of the deletions. Default is `2`. Optional

  Response Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

  Response JSON Object:

    - success (array) – An array of objects that represent successful deletions per index. The `id` key contains the name of the index, and `ok` reports if the operation has completed

    - fail (array) – An array of object that describe failed deletions per index. The `id` key names the corresponding index, and `error` describes the reason for the failure

  Status Codes:

    - 200 OK – Success

    - 400 Bad Request – Invalid request

    - 401 Unauthorized – Unauthorized request to a protected API

    - 403 Forbidden – Insufficient permissions / Too many requests with invalid credentials

    - 404 Not Found – Requested database not found

    - 500 Internal Server Error – Execution error

  Request:

      POST /db/_index/_bulk_delete HTTP/1.1
      Accept: application/json
      Content-Type: application/json
      Host: localhost:5984

      {
          "docids": [
              "_design/example-ddoc",
              "foo-index",
              "nonexistent-index"
          ]
      }

  Response:

      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Cache-Control: must-revalidate
      Content-Length: 94
      Content-Type: application/json
      Date: Thu, 01 Sep 2016 19:26:59 GMT
      Server: CouchDB (Erlang OTP/18)

      {
          "success": [
              {
                  "id": "_design/example-ddoc",
                  "ok": true
              },
              {
                  "id": "foo-index",
                  "ok": true
              }
          ],
          "fail": [
              {
                  "id": "nonexistent-index",
                  "error": "not_found"
              }
          ]
      }

# 1.3.8. `/{db}/_explain`

POST /{db}/_explain

  Shows which index is being used by the query. Parameters are the same as _find.

  Parameters:

    - db – Database name

  Request Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

  Response Headers:

    - Content-Type –

      - application/json

    - Transfer-Encoding – `chunked`

  Response JSON Object:

    - covering (boolean) – Tell if the query could be answered only by relying on the data stored in the index. When `true`, no documents are fetched, which results in a faster response.

    - dbname (string) – Name of database.

    - index (object) – Index used to fulfill the query.

    - selector (object) – Query selector used.

    - opts (object) – Query options used.

    - mrargs (object) – Arguments passed to the underlying view.

    - limit (number) – Limit parameter used.

    - skip (number) – Skip parameter used.

    - fields (array) – Fields to be returned by the query. The [] value here means all the fields, since there is no projection happening in that case.

    - partitioned (boolean) – The database is partitioned or not.

    - index_candidates (array) – The list of all indexes that were found but not selected for serving the query. See the section on index selection below for the details.

    - selector_hints (object) – Extra information on the selector to provide insights about its usability.

  Status Codes:

    - 200 OK – Request completed successfully

    - 400 Bad Request – Invalid request

    - 401 Unauthorized – Read permission required

    - 403 Forbidden – Insufficient permissions / Too many requests with invalid credentials

    - 500 Internal Server Error – Execution error

  Request:

      POST /movies/_explain HTTP/1.1
      Accept: application/json
      Content-Type: application/json
      Content-Length: 168
      Host: localhost:5984

      {
          "selector": {
              "year": {"$gt": 2010}
          },
          "fields": ["_id", "_rev", "year", "title"],
          "sort": [{"year": "asc"}],
          "limit": 2,
          "skip": 0
      }

  Response:

      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Cache-Control: must-revalidate
      Content-Type: application/json
      Date: Thu, 01 Sep 2016 15:41:53 GMT
      Server: CouchDB (Erlang OTP)
      Transfer-Encoding: chunked

      {
          "dbname": "movies",
          "index": {
              "ddoc": "_design/0d61d9177426b1e2aa8d0fe732ec6e506f5d443c",
              "name": "0d61d9177426b1e2aa8d0fe732ec6e506f5d443c",
              "type": "json",
              "partitioned": false,
              "def": {
                  "fields": [
                      {
                          "year": "asc"
                      }
                  ]
              }
          },
          "partitioned": false,
          "selector": {
              "year": {
                  "$gt": 2010
              }
          },
          "opts": {
              "use_index": [],
              "bookmark": "nil",
              "limit": 2,
              "skip": 0,
              "sort": {},
              "fields": [
                  "_id",
                  "_rev",
                  "year",
                  "title"
              ],
              "partition": "",
              "r": 1,
              "conflicts": false,
              "stale": false,
              "update": true,
              "stable": false,
              "execution_stats": false,
              "allow_fallback": true
          },
          "limit": 2,
          "skip": 0,
          "fields": [
              "_id",
              "_rev",
              "year",
              "title"
          ],
          "mrargs": {
              "include_docs": true,
              "view_type": "map",
              "reduce": false,
              "partition": null,
              "start_key": [
                  2010
              ],
              "end_key": [
                  "<MAX>"
              ],
              "direction": "fwd",
              "stable": false,
              "update": true,
              "conflicts": "undefined"
          },
          "covering": false
          "index_candidates": [
              {
                  "index": {
                      "ddoc": null,
                      "name": "_all_docs",
                      "type": "special",
                      "def": {
                          "fields": [
                              {
                                  "_id": "asc"
                              }
                          ]
                      }
                  },
                  "analysis": {
                      "usable": true,
                      "reasons": [
                          {
                              "name": "unfavored_type"
                          }
                      ],
                      "ranking": 1,
                      "covering": null
                  }
              }
          ],
          "selector_hints": [
              {
                  "type": "json",
                  "indexable_fields": [
                      "year"
                  ],
                  "unindexable_fields": []
              }
          ]
      }

## 1.3.8.1. Index selection

_find chooses which index to use for responding to a query, unless you specify an index at query time. In this section, a brief overview of the index selection process is presented.

Note

It is good practice to specify indexes explicitly in your queries. This prevents existing queries being affected by new indexes that might get added in a production environment.

Note

Both the _explain and _find endpoints rely on the same index selection logic. But _explain is a bit more elaborate, therefore it could be used for simulation and exploration. In the output, details for discarding indexes are placed in the `analysis` field of the JSON objects under `index_candidates`. Under `analysis` the exact reason is listed in the `reasons` field. Each reason has a specific code, which will be mentioned at the relevant subsections below.

The index selection happens in multiple rounds.

Steps of index selection

First, all the indexes for the database are collected. The result always includes the special entity called all docs which is the primary index on the `_id` field. This is reserved as a catch-all answer when no other suitable indexes could be found, but its use of discouraged for performance reasons.

In the next round, partial indexes are eliminated unless specified in the `use_index` field of the query object.

After that, indexes are filtered according whether a global or partitioned query was issued. Indexes that do not match the query scope are assigned a `scope_mismatch` reason code.

The remaining indexes are filtered by a series of usability checks.

Each usability check is supplied with its own reason code. That is `field_mismatch` for the cases when the fields in the index do not match with that of the selector. The code `sort_order_mismatch` means that the requested sorting does not align with the index. These checks depend on the type of index.

- `"special"`: Usable if no `sort` is specified in the query or `sort` is specified on `_id` only.

- `"json"`: The selector must not request a free-form text search via the `$text` operator. The `needs_text_search` reason code is returned otherwise.

  All the fields in the index must be referenced by the `selector` or `sort` in the query.

  Any `sort` specified in the query must match the order of the fields in the index.

- `"text"`: The index must contain fields that are referenced by the query `"selector"` or `"sort"`.

  The `"text"` indexes do not work empty selectors, and they return a `empty_selector` reason code in response to that.

After the usable indexes having gathered, the user-specified index is verified next. If this is a valid, usable index, then every other usable index is excluded with the `excluded_by_user` code. Otherwise, it is ignored an the process continues with the rest of the usable indexes.

There is a natural order of preference among the various index types: `"json"`, `"text"`, and then `"special"`. The usable indexes are grouped by their types in this order and the search is narrowed down to the elements of the first group. That is, even if there is a `"text"` index present that could match with the selector, it might be discarded if a `"json"` index with the suitable fields could be identified. Indexes dropped in this round are all tagged with the `unfavored_type` reason code.

There could be only a single `"text"` and `"special"` index per database, hence the selection ends in this phase for thoses cases. For `"json"` indexes, an additional round is run to find the ideal index.

The query planner looks at the selector section and finds the index with the closest match to operators and fields used in the query. This is described by the `less_overlap` reason code. If there are two or more `"json"`-type indexes that match, the index with the least number of fields in the index is preferred. This is marked by the `too_many_fields` reason code. If there are still two or more candidate indexes, the index with the first alphabetical name is chosen. This is reflected by the `alphabetically_comes_after` reason code.

Reason Code | Index Type | Description
--- | --- | ---
`alphabetically_comes_after` | json | There is another suitable index whose name comes before that of this index.
`empty_selector` | text | `"text"` indexes do not support queries with empty selectors.
`excluded_by_user` | any | `use_index` was used to manually specify the index.
`field_mismatch` | any | Fields in `"selector"` of the query do not match with the fields available in the index.
`is_partial` | json, text | Partial indexes can be selected only manually.
`less_overlap` | json | There is a better match of fields available within the indexes for the query.
`needs_text_search` | json | The use of the `$text` operator requires a `"text"` index.
`scope_mismatch` | json | The scope of the query and the index is not the same.
`sort_order_mismatch` | json, special | Fields in `"sort"` of the query do not match with the fields available in the index.
`too_many_fields` | json | The index has more fields than the chosen one.
`unfavored_type` | any | The type of the index is not preferred.

In the _explain output, some additional information on the candidate indexes could be found too as part of the `analysis` object.

- The `ranking` (number) attribute defines a loose ordering on the items of the list, which might be used to order them. This is a positive integer which is the greater the index is farther down in the queue. Virtually, the selected index is of rank `0` always, everything else must come after that one. The rank reflects the final position of the given index candidate in the tournament described above.

- The `usable` (Boolean) attribute tells if the index is usable at all. This could be used to partition the index candidates by their usability in relation to the selector.

- The `covering` (Boolean) attribute tells if the index is a covering index or not. This property is calculated for `"json"` indexes only and it is `null` in every other case.